{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T22:07:49Z","timestamp":1791410869939,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]],"date-time":"2023-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ricerca Corrente"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article discusses the potential of Zebrafish (ZF) (Danio Rerio), as a model for epilepsy research. Epilepsy is a neurological disorder affecting both children and adults, and many aspects of this disease are still poorly understood. In vivo and in vitro models derived from rodents are the most widely used for studying both epilepsy pathophysiology and novel drug treatments. However, researchers have recently obtained several valuable insights into these two fields of investigation by studying ZF. Despite the relatively simple brain structure of these animals, researchers can collect large amounts of data in a much shorter period and at lower costs compared to classical rodent models. This is particularly useful when a large number of candidate antiseizure drugs need to be screened, and ethical issues are minimized. In ZF, seizures have been induced through a variety of chemoconvulsants, primarily pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), kainic acid (KA), and pilocarpine. Furthermore, ZF can be easily genetically modified to test specific aspects of monogenic forms of human epilepsy, as well as to discover potential convulsive phenotypes in monogenic mutants. The article reports on the state-of-the-art and potential new fields of application of ZF research, including its potential role in revealing epileptogenic mechanisms, rather than merely assessing iatrogenic acute seizure modulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24097702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T04:01:23Z","timestamp":1682308883000},"page":"7702","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Zebrafish as an Innovative Tool for Epilepsy Modeling: State of the Art and Potential Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6234-8078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"D\u2019Amora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56125 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Galgani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0194-0702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Marchese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine and Neurobiology-ZebraLab, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Tantussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4814-7218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ugo","family":"Faraguna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"De Angelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2940-8128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo Sean","family":"Giorgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019). Epilepsy: A Public Health Imperative: Summary, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13670","article-title":"Operational classification of seizure types by the International League Against Epilepsy: Position Paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology","volume":"58","author":"Fisher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13709","article-title":"ILAE classification of the epilepsies: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology","volume":"58","author":"Scheffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Proposal for Revised Clinical and Electroencephalographic Classification of Epileptic Seizures (1981). From the Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia, 22, 489\u2013501.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1981.tb06159.x"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Proposal for Revised Classification of Epilepsies and Epileptic Syndromes (1989). Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia, 30, 389\u2013399.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1989.tb05316.x"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1992.tb05895.x","article-title":"New Antiepileptic Drugs: From Serendipity to Rational Discovery","volume":"33","author":"Porter","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2010.0303","article-title":"The evolution of antiepileptic drug development and regulation","volume":"12","author":"Arzimanoglou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1126\/science.85.2213.525","article-title":"Experimental Determination of the Anticonvulsant Properties of Some Phenyl Derivatives","volume":"85","author":"Putnam","year":"1937","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"402","article-title":"Comparative anticonvulsive action of 3,5,5-trimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione (tridione), dilantin and phenobarbital","volume":"81","author":"Everett","year":"1944","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"26","article-title":"Anticonvulsant action of drugs against metrazol and anti-epileptic activity","volume":"5","author":"Everett","year":"1946","journal-title":"Fed. Proc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1978.tb04507.x","article-title":"Antiepileptic Drug Development: II. Anticonvulsant Drug Screening","volume":"19","author":"Krall","year":"1978","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02229077","article-title":"The early identification of anticonvulsant activity: Role of the maximal electroshock and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol seizure models","volume":"16","author":"White","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ital. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panayiotopoulos, C.P. (2010). A Clinical Guide to Epileptic Syndromes and Their Treatment, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84628-644-5"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(81)90193-7","article-title":"Electrographic, clinical and pathological alterations following systemic administration of kainic acid, bicuculline or pentetrazole: Metabolic mapping using the deoxyglucose method with special reference to the pathology of epilepsy","volume":"6","author":"Tremblay","year":"1981","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(84)90314-6","article-title":"Kainic acid seizure syndrome and binding sites in developing rats","volume":"14","author":"Tremblay","year":"1984","journal-title":"Dev. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(84)90289-6","article-title":"Maturation of kainic acid seizure-brain damage syndrome in the rat. II. Histopathological sequelae","volume":"13","author":"Nitecka","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(84)90288-4","article-title":"Maturation of kainic acid seizure-brain damage syndrome in the rat. i. clinical, electrographic, and metabolic observations","volume":"13","author":"Tremblay","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(83)90136-5","article-title":"Limbic seizures produced by pilocarpine in rats: Behavioural, electroencephalographic and neuropathological study","volume":"9","author":"Turski","year":"1983","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(84)90177-X","article-title":"Seizures produced by pilocarpine in mice: A behavioral, electroencephalographic and morphological analysis","volume":"321","author":"Turski","year":"1984","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(92)90184-X","article-title":"Kainic acid seizures in the developing brain: Status epilepticus and spontaneous recurrent seizures","volume":"65","author":"Stafstrom","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dev. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eneuro.0337-0320.2021","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0337-20.2021","article-title":"The Kainic Acid Models of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy","volume":"8","author":"Rusina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eneuro"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(69)90128-9","article-title":"A permanent change in brain function resulting from daily electrical stimulation","volume":"25","author":"Goddard","year":"1969","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-1211(02)00071-2","article-title":"Kindling: Some old and some new","volume":"50","author":"McIntyre","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03337488","article-title":"Spontaneous seizures generated in rats by kindling: A preliminary report","volume":"3","author":"Pinel","year":"1975","journal-title":"Physiol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(84)90085-3","article-title":"Kainic-acid-induced seizures: A developmental study","volume":"13","author":"Albala","year":"1984","journal-title":"Dev. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(88)90066-1","article-title":"Effects of kainic acid on seizure susceptibility in the developing brain","volume":"467","author":"Holmes","year":"1988","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.420140110","article-title":"The effects of age on the kindling phenomenon","volume":"14","year":"1981","journal-title":"Dev. Psychobiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(81)90082-2","article-title":"Kindling in developing rats: Variability of afterdischarge thresholds with age","volume":"211","author":"Sharpless","year":"1981","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(82)90097-9","article-title":"Kindling in developing rats: Persistence of seizures into adulthood","volume":"4","author":"Albala","year":"1982","journal-title":"Dev. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(83)90083-4","article-title":"Increased seizure susceptibility of the immature brain","volume":"7","author":"Albala","year":"1983","journal-title":"Dev. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.11.031","article-title":"Pentylenetetrazole induced changes in zebrafish behavior, neural activity and c-fos expression","volume":"131","author":"Baraban","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baraban, S.C. (2021). A zebrafish-centric approach to antiepileptic drug development. Dis. Model. Mech., 14.","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.049080"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1002030302","article-title":"Stages of embryonic development of the zebrafish","volume":"203","author":"Kimmel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/291293a0","article-title":"Production of clones of homozygous diploid zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio)","volume":"291","author":"Streisinger","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"3313016","article-title":"Effects of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Zebrafish","volume":"2022","author":"Schmidt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201643561","article-title":"Archiving of zebrafish lines can reduce animal experiments in biomedical research","volume":"18","author":"Geisler","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1606","article-title":"In vivo drug discovery in the zebrafish","volume":"4","author":"Zon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00210-8","article-title":"Zebrafish disease models in drug discovery: From preclinical modelling to clinical trials","volume":"20","author":"Patton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2010.11.003","article-title":"Zebrafish: An integrative system for neurogenomics and neurosciences","volume":"93","author":"Rinkwitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaz, R., Hofmeister, W., and Lindstrand, A. (2019). Zebrafish Models of Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Limitations and Benefits of Current Tools and Techniques. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061296"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568930","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.568930","article-title":"Common and Distinct Features of Adult Neurogenesis and Regeneration in the Telencephalon of Zebrafish and Mammals","volume":"14","author":"Diotel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.20888","article-title":"Zebrafish as a genomics model for human neurological and polygenic disorders","volume":"72","author":"Becker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11537","article-title":"In vivo genome editing using a high-efficiency TALEN system","volume":"491","author":"Bedell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2501","article-title":"Efficient genome editing in zebrafish using a CRISPR-Cas system","volume":"31","author":"Hwang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-021-00571-5","article-title":"Zebrafish as an animal model for biomedical research","volume":"53","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cozzolino, O., Sicca, F., Paoli, E., Trovato, F., Santorelli, F.M., Ratto, G.M., and Marchese, M. (2020). Evolution of Epileptiform Activity in Zebrafish by Statistical-Based Integration of Electrophysiology and 2-Photon Ca2+ Imaging. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9030769"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12932","article-title":"Methods for studying the zebrafish brain: Past, present and future","volume":"42","author":"Wyatt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573303","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.573303","article-title":"Age bias in zebrafish models of epilepsy: What can we learn from old fish?","volume":"8","author":"Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02221-y","article-title":"Phenotypic analysis of catastrophic childhood epilepsy genes","volume":"4","author":"Griffin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3934","article-title":"Animal models in epilepsy research: Legacies and new directions","volume":"18","author":"Grone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385979-2.00005-8","article-title":"Metamorphosis in teleosts","volume":"103","author":"McMenamin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fleming, A., Diekmann, H., and Goldsmith, P. (2013). Functional Characterisation of the Maturation of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Larval Zebrafish. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077548"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00817.x","article-title":"The Blood?Brain Barrier and Epilepsy","volume":"47","author":"Oby","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.02.032","article-title":"Cellular responses to recurrent pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in the adult zebrafish brain","volume":"349","author":"Duy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)02691-4","article-title":"Sex differences in models of temporal lobe epilepsy: Role of testosterone","volume":"944","author":"Segarra","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2014.07.004","article-title":"Sex differences in the neurobiology of epilepsy: A preclinical perspective","volume":"72","author":"Scharfman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2007.05366.x","article-title":"Sex differences in adult cell proliferation within the zebrafish (Danio rerio) cerebellum","volume":"25","author":"Ampatzis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.06.047","article-title":"Sexual dimorphisms in swimming behavior, cerebral metabolic activity and adrenoceptors in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"312","author":"Ampatzis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.06.012","article-title":"Modeling seizure-related behavioral and endocrine phenotypes in adult zebrafish","volume":"1348","author":"Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2012.07.013","article-title":"Neurohypophyseal hormones protect against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in zebrafish: Role of oxytocin-like and V1a-like receptor","volume":"37","author":"Braida","year":"2012","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3099","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03482-6","article-title":"Zebrafish as an animal model in epilepsy studies with multichannel EEG recordings","volume":"7","author":"Cho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Pitk\u00e4nen, A., Schwartzkroin, P.A., and Mosh\u00e9, S.L. (2006). Models of Seizures and Epilepsy, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2007.01075.x","article-title":"A Large-scale Mutagenesis Screen to Identify Seizure-resistant Zebrafish","volume":"48","author":"Baraban","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2011.07622.x","article-title":"Kainate administered to adult zebrafish causes seizures similar to those in rodent models","volume":"33","author":"Alfaro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2018.04.007","article-title":"Forebrain glutamate uptake and behavioral parameters are altered in adult zebrafish after the induction of Status Epilepticus by kainic acid","volume":"67","author":"Mussulini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753936","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2021.753936","article-title":"Pericardial Injection of Kainic Acid Induces a Chronic Epileptic State in Larval Zebrafish","volume":"14","author":"Heylen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2017.07.002","article-title":"Measuring drug absorption improves interpretation of behavioral responses in a larval zebrafish locomotor assay for predicting seizure liability","volume":"88","author":"Cassar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2010.04.054","article-title":"Reduced neuronal proliferation by proconvulsant drugs in the developing zebrafish brain","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paudel, Y.N., Kumari, Y., Abidin, S.A.Z., Othman, I., and Shaikh, M.F. (2020). Pilocarpine Induced Behavioral and Biochemical Alterations in Chronic Seizure-Like Condition in Adult Zebrafish. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072492"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613009","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.613009","article-title":"Anti-High Mobility Group Box-1 Monoclonal Antibody Attenuates Seizure-Induced Cognitive Decline by Suppressing Neuroinflammation in an Adult Zebrafish Model","volume":"11","author":"Paudel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2021.147334","article-title":"Effects of acute seizures on cell proliferation, synaptic plasticity and long-term behavior in adult zebrafish","volume":"1756","author":"Dalmaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mussulini, B.H.M., Leite, C.E., Zenki, K.C., Moro, L., Baggio, S., Rico, E.P., Rosemberg, D.B., Dias, R.D., Souza, T.M., and Calcagnotto, M.E. (2013). Seizures Induced by Pentylenetetrazole in the Adult Zebrafish: A Detailed Behavioral Characterization. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054515"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2011.08.016","article-title":"Assessment of the convulsant liability of antidepressants using zebrafish and mouse seizure models","volume":"22","author":"Vermoesen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6581","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06646-6","article-title":"4-dimensional functional profiling in the convulsant-treated larval zebrafish brain","volume":"7","author":"Winter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v10.i7.150","article-title":"Comparison of three administration modes for establishing a zebrafish seizure model induced by N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid","volume":"10","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7195","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06294-w","article-title":"Inhibition of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) by ethyl ketopentenoate (EKP) induces treatment-resistant epileptic seizures in zebrafish","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Copmans, D., Kildgaard, S., Roux, E., Partoens, M., Steurs, G., Wang, X., De Borggraeve, W.M., Esguerra, C.V., Crawford, A.D., and Larsen, T.O. (2022). From the North Sea to Drug Repurposing, the Antiseizure Activity of Halimide and Plinabulin. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15020247"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2015.03.019","article-title":"Cross-species pharmacological characterization of the allylglycine seizure model in mice and larval zebrafish","volume":"45","author":"Leclercq","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.12.001","article-title":"Susceptibility of larval zebrafish to the seizurogenic activity of GABA type A receptor antagonists","volume":"76","author":"Bandara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2017.03.023","article-title":"Effects of picrotoxin on zebrafish larvae behaviors: A comparison study with PTZ","volume":"70","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7111","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5193-09.2010","article-title":"Optogenetic Localization and Genetic Perturbation of Saccade-Generating Neurons in Zebrafish","volume":"30","author":"Schoonheim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2410","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3410","article-title":"Drug screening in Scn1a zebrafish mutant identifies clemizole as a potential Dravet syndrome treatment","volume":"4","author":"Baraban","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eneuro.0068-15.2015","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0068-15.2015","article-title":"Large-Scale Phenotype-Based Antiepileptic Drug Screening in a Zebrafish Model of Dravet Syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Dinday","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eneuro"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Kecsk\u00e9s, A., Copmans, D., Langlois, M., Crawford, A.D., Ceulemans, B., Lagae, L., de Witte, P.A.M., and Esguerra, C.V. (2015). Pharmacological Characterization of an Antisense Knockdown Zebrafish Model of Dravet Syndrome: Inhibition of Epileptic Seizures by the Serotonin Agonist Fenfluramine. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125898"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"652","article-title":"Generation and validation of a zebrafish model of EAST (Epilepsy, ataxia, sensorineural deafness and tubulopathy) syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Mahmood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zdebik, A.A., Mahmood, F., Stanescu, H.C., Kleta, R., Bockenhauer, D., and Russell, C. (2013). Epilepsy in kcnj10 Morphant Zebrafish Assessed with a Novel Method for Long-Term EEG Recordings. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079765"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.20937","article-title":"Expression and function of KCNQ channels in larval zebrafish","volume":"72","author":"Chege","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13718","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1887-10.2010","article-title":"Spontaneous Seizures and Altered Gene Expression in GABA Signaling Pathways in amind bombMutant Zebrafish","volume":"30","author":"Hortopan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4409","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddq364","article-title":"Knockdown of zebrafish Lgi1a results in abnormal development, brain defects and a seizure-like behavioral phenotype","volume":"19","author":"Teng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2013.09.017","article-title":"De Novo Loss-of-Function Mutations in CHD2 Cause a Fever-Sensitive Myoclonic Epileptic Encephalopathy Sharing Features with Dravet Syndrome","volume":"93","author":"Suls","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3130","article-title":"Mutations in STX1B, encoding a presynaptic protein, cause fever-associated epilepsy syndromes","volume":"46","author":"Schubert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16456","article-title":"New insights into the early mechanisms of epileptogenesis in a zebrafish model of Dravet syndrome","volume":"61","author":"Tiraboschi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv052","article-title":"CHD2 variants are a risk factor for photosensitivity in epilepsy","volume":"138","author":"Galizia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.117.300137","article-title":"Pyridoxine-Dependent Epilepsy in Zebrafish Caused by Aldh7a1 Deficiency","volume":"207","author":"Pena","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zabinyakov, N., Bullivant, G., Cao, F., Fernandez Ojeda, M., Jia, Z.P., Wen, X.-Y., Dowling, J.J., Salomons, G.S., and Mercimek-Andrews, S. (2017). Characterization of the first knock-out aldh7a1 zebrafish model for pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy using CRISPR-Cas9 technology. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186645"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.542","article-title":"Depdc5 knockdown causes mTOR-dependent motor hyperactivity in zebrafish","volume":"5","author":"Dabacan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.04.061","article-title":"Non-canonical mTOR-independent role of DEPDC5 in regulating GABAergic network development","volume":"28","author":"Swaminathan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14576","article-title":"\u03b3-Aminobutyric acid receptor alpha 1 subunit loss of function causes genetic generalized epilepsy by impairing inhibitory network neurodevelopment","volume":"59","author":"Samarut","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy346","article-title":"PLPHP deficiency: Clinical, genetic, biochemical, and mechanistic insights","volume":"142","author":"Johnstone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-019-01860-x","article-title":"Phenotypic Characterization of Larval Zebrafish (Danio rerio) with Partial Knockdown of the cacna1a Gene","volume":"57","author":"Gawel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-3745","article-title":"The GABRG2 F343L allele causes spontaneous seizures in a novel transgenic zebrafish model that can be treated with suberanilohydroxamic acid (SAHA)","volume":"8","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2017.05.009","article-title":"The influence of temperature on adult zebrafish sensitivity to pentylenetetrazole","volume":"135","author":"Menezes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.109802","article-title":"Inflammation as a target for the treatment of fever-associated epilepsy in zebrafish larvae","volume":"116","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2020.108916","article-title":"Development and validation of chemical kindling in adult zebrafish: A simple and improved chronic model for screening of antiepileptic agents","volume":"346","author":"Kumari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2022.114158","article-title":"Chemo-kindling in adult zebrafish alters spatial cognition but not social novelty recognition","volume":"438","author":"Kumari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00315","article-title":"Embelin Prevents Seizure and Associated Cognitive Impairments in a Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Kindling Zebrafish Model","volume":"10","author":"Kundap","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hentig, J., Cloghessy, K., Dunseath, C., and Hyde, D.R. (2021). A scalable model to study the effects of blunt-force injury in adult zebrafish. J. Vis. Exp., e62709.","DOI":"10.3791\/62709-v"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hentig, J., Cloghessy, K., Lahne, M., Jung, Y.J., Petersen, R.A., Morris, A.C., and Hyde, D.R. (2021). Zebrafish Blunt-Force TBI Induces Heterogenous Injury Pathologies That Mimic Human TBI and Responds with Sonic Hedgehog-Dependent Cell Proliferation across the Neuroaxis. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9080861"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hentig, J., Campbell, L.J., Cloghessy, K., Lee, M., Boggess, W., and Hyde, D.R. (2021). Prophylactic Activation of Shh Signaling Attenuates TBI-Induced Seizures in Zebrafish by Modulating Glutamate Excitotoxicity through Eaat2a. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10010032"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3174","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2021.0156","article-title":"Post-Traumatic Epilepsy in Zebrafish Is Drug-Resistant and Impairs Cognitive Function","volume":"38","author":"Cho","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e58744","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.58744","article-title":"Seizures are a druggable mechanistic link between TBI and subsequent tauopathy","volume":"10","author":"Alyenbaawi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2011.06.001","article-title":"Recording the adult zebrafish cerebral field potential during pentylenetetrazole seizures","volume":"200","author":"Pineda","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02404-4","article-title":"Brain activity patterns in high-throughput electrophysiology screen predict both drug efficacies and side effects","volume":"9","author":"Eimon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28248","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28248","article-title":"A Novel Long-term, Multi-Channel and Non-invasive Electrophysiology Platform for Zebrafish","volume":"6","author":"Hong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, Y., Seo, H.W., Lee, K.J., Jang, J.-W., and Kim, S. (2020). A Microfluidic System for Stable and Continuous EEG Monitoring from Multiple Larval Zebrafish. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20205903"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turrini, L., Sorelli, M., de Vito, G., Credi, C., Tiso, N., Vanzi, F., and Pavone, F.S. (2022). Multimodal Characterization of Seizures in Zebrafish Larvae. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10050951"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2020.01.006","article-title":"Imaging epilepsy in larval zebrafish","volume":"24","author":"Burrows","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03087-z","article-title":"Optical mapping of neuronal activity during seizures in zebrafish","volume":"7","author":"Turrini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2017.11.011","article-title":"Methylated flavonoids as anti-seizure agents: Naringenin 4\u2032,7-dimethyl ether attenuates epileptic seizures in zebrafish and mouse models","volume":"112","author":"Copmans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eneuro.0337-21.2022","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0337-21.2022","article-title":"Differential electrographic signatures generated by mechanistically-diverse seizurogenic compounds in the larval zebrafish brain","volume":"9","author":"Pinion","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eneuro"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afrikanova, T., Serruys, A.-S.K., Buenafe, O.E.M., Clinckers, R., Smolders, I., de Witte, P.A., Crawford, A.D., and Esguerra, C.V. (2013). Validation of the Zebrafish Pentylenetetrazol Seizure Model: Locomotor versus Electrographic Responses to Antiepileptic Drugs. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054166"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2012.02.020","article-title":"Anticonvulsant activity of bisabolene sesquiterpenoids of Curcuma longa in zebrafish and mouse seizure models","volume":"24","author":"Serruys","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17380","article-title":"Elevated photic response is followed by a rapid decay and depressed state in ictogenic networks","volume":"63","author":"Jamali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-019-02735-2","article-title":"Anticonvulsant Activity of Pterostilbene in Zebrafish and Mouse Acute Seizure Tests","volume":"44","author":"Nieoczym","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.434146","article-title":"Fast whole-brain imaging of seizures in zebrafish larvae by two-photon light-sheet microscopy","volume":"13","author":"Turrini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac073","article-title":"Seizures initiate in zones of relative hyperexcitation in a zebrafish epilepsy model","volume":"145","author":"Niemeyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer, M., Dhamne, S.C., LaCoursiere, C.M., Tambunan, D., Poduri, A., and Rotenberg, A. (2016). Correction: Microarray Noninvasive Neuronal Seizure Recordings from Intact Larval Zebrafish. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159472"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1089\/zeb.2020.1874","article-title":"Noninvasive Multielectrode Array for Brain and Spinal Cord Local Field Potential Recordings from Live Zebrafish Larvae","volume":"17","author":"Tomasello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zebrafish"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3932","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.7b01523","article-title":"Intracellular and Extracellular Recording of Spontaneous Action Potentials in Mammalian Neurons and Cardiac Cells with 3D Plasmonic Nanoelectrodes","volume":"17","author":"Dipalo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1021\/cn5001342","article-title":"Zebrafish Bioassay-Guided Microfractionation Identifies Anticonvulsant Steroid Glycosides from the Philippine Medicinal Plant Solanum torvum","volume":"5","author":"Challal","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.7b00081","article-title":"HPLC-Based Activity Profiling for GABAA Receptor Modulators in Extracts: Validation of an Approach Utilizing a Larval Zebrafish Locomotor Assay","volume":"80","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2007.03.015","article-title":"Zebrafish offer the potential for a primary screen to identify a wide variety of potential anticonvulsants","volume":"75","author":"Berghmans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"773","article-title":"Identification of compounds with anti-convulsant properties in a zebrafish model of epileptic seizures","volume":"5","author":"Baxendale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1021\/cn400140e","article-title":"Tanshinone IIA Exhibits Anticonvulsant Activity in Zebrafish and Mouse Seizure Models","volume":"4","author":"Buenafe","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1021\/np501058b","article-title":"Bioactive C21 Steroidal Glycosides from the Roots of Cynanchum otophyllum That Suppress the Seizure-like Locomotor Activity of Zebrafish Caused by Pentylenetetrazole","volume":"78","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2015.05.022","article-title":"Rapamycin suppresses PTZ-induced seizures at different developmental stages of zebrafish","volume":"139","author":"Siebel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2016.00200","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-1 as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Seizure Suppression: Evidences from Zebrafish Pentylenetetrazole-Seizure Model","volume":"7","author":"Barbalho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s40005-017-0316-x","article-title":"Nutraceutical emulsion containing valproic acid (NE-VPA): A drug delivery system for reversion of seizures in zebrafish larvae epilepsy model","volume":"47","author":"Feas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Investig."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2018.04.25","article-title":"Characterization of the locomotor activities of zebrafish larvae under the influence of various neuroactive drugs","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1080\/01677063.2018.1445247","article-title":"High-throughput behavioral assay to investigate seizure sensitivity in zebrafish implicates ZFHX3 in epilepsy","volume":"32","author":"Fuller","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurogenetics"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2018.01.008","article-title":"In vivo study of teratogenic and anticonvulsant effects of antiepileptics drugs in zebrafish embryo and larvae","volume":"66","author":"Martinez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology Teratol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2019.106207","article-title":"Anticonvulsant action of a selective phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 in pentylenetetrazole-mediated convulsions in zebrafish","volume":"157","author":"Mazumder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.1c00314","article-title":"Schaftoside Suppresses Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Seizures in Zebrafish via Suppressing Apoptosis, Modulating Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress","volume":"12","author":"Dang","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109594","article-title":"Optimization of a locomotion-based zebrafish seizure model","volume":"375","author":"Shaw","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2010.06.041","article-title":"Improvement of pentylenetetrazol-induced learning deficits by valproic acid in the adult zebrafish","volume":"643","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2013.01.018","article-title":"Oral gabapentin suppresses pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure-like behavior and cephalic field potential in adult zebrafish","volume":"27","author":"Banote","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"157","article-title":"Effect of Various Antiepileptic Drugs in Zebrafish PTZ-Seizure Model","volume":"76","author":"Gupta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21961","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.21961","article-title":"Anticonvulsant effect of sodium cyclamate and propylparaben on pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in zebrafish","volume":"71","author":"Otero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20897-x","article-title":"Micronization potentiates curcumin\u2019s anti-seizure effect and brings an important advance in epilepsy treatment","volume":"8","author":"Bertoncello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.06.007","article-title":"Maximally selective single-cell target for circuit control in epilepsy models","volume":"109","author":"Hadjiabadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903440206","article-title":"Catecholaminergic systems in the zebrafish. I. Number, morphology, and histochemical characteristics of neurons in the locus coeruleus","volume":"344","author":"Ma","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20280","article-title":"Ontogeny and innervation patterns of dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic neurons in larval zebrafish","volume":"480","author":"McLean","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24508","article-title":"Features of the structure, development, and activity of the zebrafish noradrenergic system explored in new CRISPR transgenic lines","volume":"526","author":"Farrar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.02.073","article-title":"The adult central nervous cholinergic system of a neurogenetic model animal, the zebrafish Danio rerio","volume":"1011","author":"Mueller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00872.x","article-title":"Locus Coeruleus and Neuronal Plasticity in a Model of Focal Limbic Epilepsy","volume":"47","author":"Giorgi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2008.02.008","article-title":"Activation of brain metabolism and fos during limbic seizures: The role of Locus Coeruleus","volume":"30","author":"Giorgi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118826","article-title":"Revisiting the role of neurotransmitters in epilepsy: An updated review","volume":"265","author":"Akyuz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.04277.x","article-title":"Serotonin and epilepsy","volume":"100","author":"Bagdy","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.57.3.363","article-title":"Reduction of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep by Diurnal and Nocturnal Seizures in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy","volume":"57","author":"Bazil","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000279334.78298.d5","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with seizure occurrence in older adults with epilepsy","volume":"69","author":"Chihorek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30274-6","article-title":"Circadian and circaseptan rhythms in human epilepsy: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Karoly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107735","article-title":"Bidirectional relationships of sleep and epilepsy in adults with epilepsy","volume":"116","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2017.02.009","article-title":"Zebrafish sleep: From geneZZZ to neuronZZZ","volume":"44","author":"Barlow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1336-7","article-title":"Neural signatures of sleep in zebrafish","volume":"571","author":"Leung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2013.00009","article-title":"Circadian clocks, rhythmic synaptic plasticity and the sleep-wake cycle in zebrafish","volume":"7","author":"Elbaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/9\/7702\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:21:24Z","timestamp":1760124084000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/9\/7702"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]]},"references-count":165,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24097702"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24097702","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]]}}}