{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T18:05:22Z","timestamp":1788458722249,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]],"date-time":"2023-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canada Institute of Health Research","award":["PJT169202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT169202"]}]},{"name":"Canada Institute of Health Research","award":["RGPIN-2017-05612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2017-05612"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJT169202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT169202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2017-05612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2017-05612"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a cardiac disease marked by the stretching and thinning of the heart muscle and impaired left ventricular contractile function. While most patients do not develop significant cardiac diseases from myocarditis, disparate immune responses can affect pathological outcomes, including DCM progression. These altered immune responses, which may be caused by genetic variance, can prolong cytotoxicity, induce direct cleavage of host protein, or encourage atypical wound healing responses that result in tissue scarring and impaired mechanical and electrical heart function. However, it is unclear which alterations within host immune profiles are crucial to dictating the outcomes of myocarditis. Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a well-studied virus that has been identified as a causal agent of myocarditis in various models, along with other viruses such as adenovirus, parvovirus B19, and SARS-CoV-2. This paper takes CVB3 as a pathogenic example to review the recent advances in understanding virus-induced immune responses and differential gene expression that regulates iron, lipid, and glucose metabolic remodeling, the severity of cardiac tissue damage, and the development of DCM and heart failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24097717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T04:01:23Z","timestamp":1682308883000},"page":"7717","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Role of Coxsackievirus B3-Induced Immune Responses in the Transition from Myocarditis to Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Fione","family":"Yip","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada"},{"name":"The Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul\u2019s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6197-0334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul\u2019s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3177-0070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Decheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada"},{"name":"The Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul\u2019s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2020.12.007","article-title":"Viral myocarditis: 1917\u20132020: From the Influenza A to the COVID-19 pandemics","volume":"31","author":"Rezkalla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. 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