{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T13:21:14Z","timestamp":1781875274580,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]],"date-time":"2023-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korean Ministry of Environment","award":["2018002270002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018002270002"]}]},{"name":"Korean Ministry of Environment","award":["NRF-2021R1A6A1A03044242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1A6A1A03044242"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2018002270002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018002270002"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["NRF-2021R1A6A1A03044242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1A6A1A03044242"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The NLRP3 inflammasome is upregulated by various agents, such as nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-\u03baB), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The NLRP3 inflammasome facilitations the maturation of interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, a proinflammatory cytokine that is critically involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). Although the NLRP3 inflammasome clearly exacerbates AD symptoms such as erythema and pruritus, drugs for AD patients targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome are still lacking. Based on the previous findings that Mentha arvensis essential oil (MAEO) possesses strong anti-inflammatory and anti-AD properties through its inhibition of the ERK\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway, we postulated that MAEO might be capable of modulating the NLRP3 inflammasome in AD. The aim of this research was to investigate whether MAEO affects the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) stimulated with LPS + ATP in vitro and in a murine model displaying AD-like symptoms induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in vivo. We found that MAEO inhibited the expression of NLRP3 and caspase-1, leading to the suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1\u03b2 production in BMDMs stimulated with LPS + ATP. In addition, MAEO exhibited efficacy in ameliorating AD symptoms in a murine model induced by DNCB, as indicated by the reduction in dermatitis score, ear thickness, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), epidermal thickness, and immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels. Furthermore, MAEO attenuated the recruitment of NLRP3-expressing macrophages and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in murine dorsal skin lesions induced by DNCB. Overall, we provide evidence for the anti-AD effects of MAEO via inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24097720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T04:01:23Z","timestamp":1682308883000},"page":"7720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Anti-Atopic Dermatitis Effects of Mentha arvensis Essential Oil Are Involved in the Inhibition of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in DNCB-Challenged Atopic Dermatitis BALB\/c Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1885-0540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"So-Yeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arjun","family":"Sapkota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Joo","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Hyuk","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho Jung","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun-Jeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye Eun","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Yeong","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju-Yeon","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"So-Young","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7581-0604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sun Hee","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Applied Science in Natural Resources & Environment, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Woong","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9370-5258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Se Jin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2010.10.010","article-title":"Acute health effects of urban fine and ultrafine particles on children with atopic dermatitis","volume":"111","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadi, H.A., Tarmizi, A.I., Khalid, K.A., Gajdacs, M., Aslam, A., and Jamshed, S. (2021). The Epidemiology and Global Burden of Atopic Dermatitis: A Narrative Review. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11090936"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00734.x","article-title":"Function of Nod-like receptors in microbial recognition and host defense","volume":"227","author":"Franchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.02.029","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome expression is driven by NF-\u03baB in cultured hepatocytes","volume":"458","author":"Boaru","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"115","article-title":"NF-\u03baB and innate immunity","volume":"349","author":"Dev","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17023","DOI":"10.1038\/sigtrans.2017.23","article-title":"NF-\u03baB signaling in inflammation","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"474","article-title":"Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, past, present and future perspectives","volume":"122","author":"Zahorec","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bratisl. Lek. Listy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201602089","article-title":"The cell biology of inflammasomes: Mechanisms of inflammasome activation and regulation","volume":"213","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14090","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32497-w","article-title":"Astaxanthin alleviated ethanol-induced liver injury by inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses via blocking of STAT3 activity","volume":"8","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(02)00599-3","article-title":"The inflammasome: A molecular platform triggering activation of inflammatory caspases and processing of proIL-beta","volume":"10","author":"Martinon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelley, N., Jeltema, D., Duan, Y., and He, Y. (2019). The NLRP3 Inflammasome: An Overview of Mechanisms of Activation and Regulation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133328"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00740-6","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome activation and cell death","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2013.04.008","article-title":"Role of interleukin 1 in atopic dermatitis","volume":"31","author":"Abramovits","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-021-01307-9","article-title":"Therapeutic regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in chronic inflammatory diseases","volume":"44","author":"Seok","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.30008","article-title":"IL-18 and infections: Is there a role for targeted therapies?","volume":"236","author":"Vecchie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29357","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161226172","article-title":"IL-18 and Cutaneous Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"4063562","article-title":"NLRP3 Inflammasome and Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"2020","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2020.03.001","article-title":"The role of NLRP3 inflammasome in infection-related, immune-mediated and autoimmune skin diseases","volume":"98","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12428","article-title":"Impaired NLRP3 inflammasome expression and function in atopic dermatitis due to Th2 milieu","volume":"69","author":"Niebuhr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13190","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome: A likely target for the treatment of allergic diseases","volume":"48","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15S","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000007617","article-title":"Inflammasome Activation in Pollution-Induced Skin Conditions","volume":"147","author":"Ferrara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3772","article-title":"Limiting inflammation-the negative regulation of NF-\u03baB and the NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"18","author":"Afonina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.Y., Han, S.D., Kim, M., Mony, T.J., Lee, E.S., Kim, K.M., Choi, S.H., Hong, S.H., Choi, J.W., and Park, S.J. (2021). Mentha arvensis Essential Oil Exerts Anti-Inflammatory in LPS-Stimulated Inflammatory Responses via Inhibition of ERK\/NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathway and Anti-Atopic Dermatitis-like Effects in 2,4-Dinitrochlorobezene-Induced BALB\/c Mice. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10121941"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brahmi, F., Nury, T., Debbabi, M., Hadj-Ahmed, S., Zarrouk, A., Prost, M., Madani, K., Boulekbache-Makhlouf, L., and Lizard, G. (2018). Evaluation of Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Cytoprotective Properties of Ethanolic Mint Extracts from Algeria on 7-Ketocholesterol-Treated Murine RAW 264.7 Macrophages. Antioxidants, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox7120184"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parham, S., Kharazi, A.Z., Bakhsheshi-Rad, H.R., Nur, H., Ismail, A.F., Sharif, S., RamaKrishna, S., and Berto, F. (2020). Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antiviral Properties of Herbal Materials. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9121309"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2015.04.014","article-title":"L-Menthone confers antidepressant-like effects in an unpredictable chronic mild stress mouse model via NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory cytokines and central neurotransmitters","volume":"134","author":"Xue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2015.176","article-title":"Inflammasome-dependent IL-1\u03b2 release depends upon membrane permeabilisation","volume":"23","author":"Diamond","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.13045\/jar.2019.00038","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis-related inflammation in macrophages and keratinocytes: The inhibitory effects of bee venom","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Acupunct. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.15324\/kjcls.2017.49.2.150","article-title":"The combined effects of curcumin administration and 630 nm LED phototherapy against DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in BALB\/c mice","volume":"49","author":"Jekal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2014.03.004","article-title":"Resveratrol inhibition of human keratinocyte proliferation via SIRT1\/ARNT\/ERK dependent downregulation of aquaporin 3","volume":"75","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.03.045","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis in children and adults: European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology\/American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology\/PRACTALL Consensus Report","volume":"118","author":"Akdis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2003.09.032","article-title":"Immune mechanisms leading to atopic dermatitis","volume":"112","author":"Novak","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2001.04508.x","article-title":"Heterogeneity within tissue-specific macrophage and dendritic cell populations during cutaneous inflammation in atopic dermatitis","volume":"145","author":"Kiekens","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1159\/000374048","article-title":"Activation in M1 but not M2 Macrophages Contributes to Cardiac Remodeling after Myocardial Infarction in Rats: A Critical Role of the Calcium Sensing Receptor\/NRLP3 Inflammasome","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4887","article-title":"IL-1beta induces thymic stromal lymphopoietin and an atopic dermatitis-like phenotype in reconstructed healthy human epidermis","volume":"242","author":"Bernard","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561459","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/561459","article-title":"The role of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis","volume":"2014","author":"Wojdasiewicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00882","article-title":"Inflammasomes in Common Immune-Related Skin Diseases","volume":"11","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.07.025","article-title":"A Critical Role of the IL-1beta-IL-1R Signaling Pathway in Skin Inflammation and Psoriasis Pathogenesis","volume":"139","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12621","article-title":"Overview of the IL-1 family in innate inflammation and acquired immunity","volume":"281","author":"Dinarello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iznardo, H., and Puig, L. (2022). IL-1 Family Cytokines in Inflammatory Dermatoses: Pathogenetic Role and Potential Therapeutic Implications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169479"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxaa078","article-title":"IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer","volume":"33","author":"Hirano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4210","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700352","article-title":"Cutting Edge: Distinct Regulatory Mechanisms Control Proinflammatory Cytokines IL-18 and IL-1beta","volume":"198","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2230.2002.00987.x","article-title":"Serum cytokine levels in atopic dermatitis","volume":"27","author":"Yoshizawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73098","DOI":"10.1155\/MI\/2006\/73098","article-title":"The relationship between serum levels of total IgE, IL-18, IL-12, IFN-gamma and disease severity in children with atopic dermatitis","volume":"2006","author":"Aral","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2007.00297.x","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of ultraviolet B irradiation on atopic dermatitis in NC\/Nga mice","volume":"23","author":"Mutou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.09.009","article-title":"Interrupting IL-6-receptor signaling improves atopic dermatitis but associates with bacterial superinfection","volume":"128","author":"Navarini","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2016.05.003","article-title":"Autoinflammatory Skin Disorders: The Inflammasomme in Focus","volume":"22","author":"Gurung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2022.04.003","article-title":"NLRP3 and pyroptosis blockers for treating inflammatory diseases","volume":"43","author":"Coll","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14412","article-title":"Mdivi-1 alleviates atopic dermatitis through the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700603","article-title":"Topical application with a new NF-\u03baB inhibitor improves atopic dermatitis in NC\/NgaTnd mice","volume":"127","author":"Tanaka","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Zhang, P., Zhang, J., and Hong, T. (2022). Inhibitory Effect of Bisdemethoxycurcumin on DNCB-Induced Atopic Dermatitis in Mice. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28010293"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942375","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/942375","article-title":"Role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis","volume":"2013","author":"Kasraie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Hu, D., Feng, Y., Wu, C., Song, Y., Liu, W., Li, A., Wang, Y., Chen, K., and Tian, M. (2020). Paxillin mediates ATP-induced activation of P2X7 receptor and NLRP3 inflammasome. BMC Biol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-020-00918-w"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.47860","article-title":"Tofacitinib restores the balance of gammadeltaTreg\/gammadeltaT17 cells in rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-020-00758-8","article-title":"Management of Gout-associated MSU crystals-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation by procyanidin B2: Targeting IL-1\u03b2 and Cathepsin B in macrophages","volume":"28","author":"Qiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.2MA0820-259R","article-title":"Malassezia spp. induce inflammatory cytokines and activate NLRP3 inflammasomes in phagocytes","volume":"109","author":"Wolf","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2579","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2016.460","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome activation mediates radiation-induced pyroptosis in bone marrow-derived macrophages","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2019.03.033","article-title":"Early immunologic changes during the onset of atopic dermatitis","volume":"123","author":"Brunner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00735-y","article-title":"Role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in allergy and beyond","volume":"23","author":"Leonard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2017.1343325","article-title":"A comparative study of Mentha arvensis L. and Mentha haplocalyx Briq. by HPLC","volume":"32","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"70","article-title":"Mentha arvensis attenuates cognitive and memory impairment in scopolamine-treated mice","volume":"51","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean J. Pharmacogn."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Adams, R.P. (2007). Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography\/Mass Spectrometry, Allured Publishing Corporation."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaire, B.P., Lee, C.H., Kim, W., Sapkota, A., Lee, D.Y., and Choi, J.W. (2020). Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 5 Contributes to Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis-Like Lesions through NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in Macrophages. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9081753"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102269","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.prot102269","article-title":"Bradford Assay for Determining Protein Concentration","volume":"2020","author":"Kielkopf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"175","article-title":"Effect of Herb Extracts Mixed with Houttuynia Cordata on Antiatopic Dermatitis in DNCB-Induced BALB\/c Mouse","volume":"29","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Korean Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.08112.x","article-title":"Practical issues on interpretation of scoring atopic dermatitis: The SCORAD index, objective SCORAD and the three-item severity score","volume":"157","author":"Oranje","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.5625\/lar.2010.26.1.95","article-title":"A novel model for human atopic dermatitis: Application of repeated DNCB patch in BALB\/c mice, in comparison with NC\/Nga mice","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lab. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230701584189","article-title":"Novel insights into wound healing sequence of events","volume":"35","author":"Solomonik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.4103\/jisp.jisp_3_18","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of mast cell count and density in chronic periodontal disease","volume":"22","author":"Rathod","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2779","article-title":"Eczema in Psoriatico: An Important Differential Diagnosis between Chronic Allergic Contact Dermatitis and Psoriasis in Palmoplantar Localization","volume":"98","author":"Kolesnik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, C.H., Sapkota, A., Gaire, B.P., and Choi, J.W. (2020). NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation Is Involved in LPA1-Mediated Brain Injury after Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228595"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2021.154","article-title":"Oleanolic Acid Provides Neuroprotection against Ischemic Stroke through the Inhibition of Microglial Activation and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation","volume":"30","author":"Sapkota","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/9\/7720\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:21:37Z","timestamp":1760124097000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/9\/7720"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24097720"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24097720","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]]}}}