{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:15:07Z","timestamp":1792512907361,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]],"date-time":"2023-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research within the faculty of Medicine at the RWTH Aachen University","award":["OC1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OC1-1"]}]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research within the faculty of Medicine at the RWTH Aachen University","award":["OC1-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OC1-2"]}]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research within the faculty of Medicine at the RWTH Aachen University","award":["OC1-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OC1-11"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mechanosensing plays an essential role in maintaining tissue functions. Across the human body, several tissues (i.e., striated muscles, bones, tendons, ligaments, as well as cartilage) require mechanical loading to exert their physiological functions. Contrary, mechanical unloading triggers pathological remodeling of these tissues and, consequently, human body dysfunctions. At the cellular level, both mechanical loading and unloading regulate a wide spectrum of cellular pathways. Among those, pathways regulated by oxidants such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) represent an essential node critically controlling tissue organization and function. Hence, a sensitive balance between the generation and elimination of oxidants keeps them within a physiological range. Here, the Nuclear Factor-E2-related factor 2\/Antioxidant response element (Nrf2\/ARE) system plays an essential role as it constitutes the major cellular regulation against exogenous and endogenous oxidative stresses. Dysregulations of this system advance, i.a., liver, neurodegenerative, and cancer diseases. Herein, we extend our comprehension of the Nrf2 system to the aforementioned mechanically sensitive tissues to explore its role in their physiology and pathology. We demonstrate the relevance of it for the tissues\u2019 functionality and highlight the imperative to further explore the Nrf2 system to understand the physiology and pathology of mechanically sensitive tissues in the context of redox biology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24097722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T04:01:23Z","timestamp":1682308883000},"page":"7722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Contribution of the Nrf2\/ARE System to Mechanotransduction in Musculoskeletal and Periodontal Tissues"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6973-3080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanassios","family":"Fragoulis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Anatomy, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mersedeh","family":"Tohidnezhad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Anatomy, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0741-4647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusuke","family":"Kubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Anatomy, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph Jan","family":"Wruck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Anatomy, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0768-935X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rogerio Bastos","family":"Craveiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Bock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7886-9211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Pufe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Anatomy, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7308-5584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holger","family":"Jahr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Anatomy, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Structural Mechanics and Lightweight Design, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Suhr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences: Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Bayreuth, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm1789","article-title":"Ilk, pinch and parvin: The tipp of integrin signalling","volume":"7","author":"Legate","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2003","article-title":"Role of extracellular matrix in adaptation of tendon and skeletal muscle to mechanical loading","volume":"84","author":"Kjaer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s10974-017-9489-1","article-title":"Are mechanically sensitive regulators involved in the function and (patho) physiology of cerebral palsy-related contractures?","volume":"38","author":"Pingel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2987","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03026-3","article-title":"Evidence for skeletal muscle fiber type-specific expressions of mechanosensors","volume":"76","author":"Mathes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci. CMLS"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04346-7","article-title":"Mechanosensors control skeletal muscle mass, molecular clocks, and metabolism","volume":"79","author":"Vanmunster","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci. CMLS"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"e22458","article-title":"Skeletal muscle fiber type-specific expressions of mechanosensors integrin-linked kinase, talin, and vinculin and their modulation by loading and environmental conditions in humans","volume":"36","author":"Andresen","year":"2022","journal-title":"FASEB J. Off. Publ. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1999.00299.x","article-title":"Type i collagen synthesis and degradation in peritendinous tissue after exercise determined by microdialysis in humans","volume":"521","author":"Langberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-061516-045037","article-title":"Oxidative stress","volume":"86","author":"Sies","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.2519","article-title":"Homeostatic control of redox status and health","volume":"74","author":"Sies","year":"2022","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2016.01.010","article-title":"Redox homeostasis: The golden mean of healthy living","volume":"8","author":"Ursini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2016.12.035","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide as a central redox signaling molecule in physiological oxidative stress: Oxidative eustress","volume":"11","author":"Sies","year":"2017","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sies, H. (2020). Oxidative stress: Concept and some practical aspects. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9090852"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.101867","article-title":"Oxidative eustress: On constant alert for redox homeostasis","volume":"41","author":"Sies","year":"2021","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0230-3","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species (ros) as pleiotropic physiological signalling agents","volume":"21","author":"Sies","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2007.08.007","article-title":"Hormesis defined","volume":"7","author":"Mattson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"565","article-title":"Induction of ap-1 (fos\/jun) by chemical agents mediates activation of glutathione s-transferase and quinone reductase gene expression","volume":"9","author":"Bergelson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6258","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.16.6258","article-title":"Xenobiotic-inducible expression of murine glutathione s-transferase ya subunit gene is controlled by an electrophile-responsive element","volume":"87","author":"Friling","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3826","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.10.3826","article-title":"Regulation of glutathione s-transferase ya subunit gene expression: Identification of a unique xenobiotic-responsive element controlling inducible expression by planar aromatic compounds","volume":"87","author":"Rushmore","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11632","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)99004-6","article-title":"The antioxidant responsive element. Activation by oxidative stress and identification of the DNA consensus sequence required for functional activity","volume":"266","author":"Rushmore","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.13.1.76","article-title":"Keap1 represses nuclear activation of antioxidant responsive elements by nrf2 through binding to the amino-terminal neh2 domain","volume":"13","author":"Itoh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10941","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.24.24.10941-10953.2004","article-title":"Keap1 is a redox-regulated substrate adaptor protein for a cul3-dependent ubiquitin ligase complex","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01204-10","article-title":"Scf\/beta-trcp promotes glycogen synthase kinase 3-dependent degradation of the nrf2 transcription factor in a keap1-independent manner","volume":"31","author":"Rada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42863","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.286880","article-title":"Interplay between vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (nrf2): Implications for preeclampsia","volume":"286","author":"Kweider","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2013-0279OC","article-title":"Interplay between nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and amphiregulin during mechanical ventilation","volume":"51","author":"Reiss","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1111\/gtc.12186","article-title":"Nrf2 induces fibroblast growth factor 21 in diabetic mice","volume":"19","author":"Furusawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genes Cells Devoted Mol. Cell. Mech."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lastra, D., Escoll, M., and Cuadrado, A. (2022). Transcription factor nrf2 participates in cell cycle progression at the level of g1\/s and mitotic checkpoints. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11050946"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G262","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00332.2014","article-title":"Nrf2 is essential for timely m phase entry of replicating hepatocytes during liver regeneration","volume":"308","author":"Zou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2013.00027","article-title":"Nrf2 activates augmenter of liver regeneration (alr) via antioxidant response element and links oxidative stress to liver regeneration","volume":"19","author":"Dayoub","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfz055","article-title":"Nrf2 ameliorates ddc-induced sclerosing cholangitis and biliary fibrosis and improves the regenerative capacity of the liver","volume":"169","author":"Fragoulis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci. Off. J. Soc. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2022.102453","article-title":"Nrf2 induces malignant transformation of hepatic progenitor cells by inducing beta-catenin expression","volume":"57","author":"Fragoulis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2016.10.003","article-title":"Nrf2 mediates redox adaptations to exercise","volume":"10","author":"Done","year":"2016","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2014.01.025","article-title":"Nrf2 is a novel regulator of bone acquisition","volume":"63","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2014.12.066","article-title":"Deletion of nrf2 reduces skeletal mechanical properties and decreases load-driven bone formation","volume":"74","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12885","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12885","article-title":"Weak by the machines: Muscle motor protein dysfunction-a side effect of intensive care unit treatment","volume":"222","author":"Friedrich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00061.2017","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Aging-related loss of muscle mass and function","volume":"99","author":"Larsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pgac086","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgac086","article-title":"Signatures of muscle disuse in spaceflight and bed rest revealed by single muscle fiber proteomics","volume":"1","author":"Murgia","year":"2022","journal-title":"PNAS Nexus"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2010","article-title":"Fiber types in mammalian skeletal muscles","volume":"91","author":"Schiaffino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2291","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00749.2005","article-title":"Costameres, focal adhesions, and cardiomyocyte mechanotransduction","volume":"289","author":"Samarel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12633","article-title":"The muscle contraction mode determines lymphangiogenesis differentially in rat skeletal and cardiac muscles by modifying local lymphatic extracellular matrix microenvironments","volume":"217","author":"Greiwe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.05.047","article-title":"The focal adhesion protein beta-parvin controls cardiomyocyte shape and sarcomere assembly in response to mechanical load","volume":"32","author":"Thievessen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Biol. CB"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31138-9","article-title":"Sarcopenia","volume":"393","author":"Sayer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2019.01.022","article-title":"Nrf2 deficiency exacerbates frailty and sarcopenia by impairing skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics in an age-dependent manner","volume":"119","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.02.023","article-title":"Nrf2 deficiency promotes apoptosis and impairs pax7\/myod expression in aging skeletal muscle cells","volume":"71","author":"Narasimhan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4418","article-title":"Nrf2 augments skeletal muscle regeneration after ischaemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"234","author":"Fragoulis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cancerbio-041916-065808","article-title":"The two faces of reactive oxygen species in cancer","volume":"1","author":"Reczek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2016.04.007","article-title":"Adaptive homeostasis","volume":"49","author":"Davies","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7857186","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7857186","article-title":"Sulforaphane and other nutrigenomic nrf2 activators: Can the clinician\u2019s expectation be matched by the reality?","volume":"2016","author":"Houghton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C205","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00025.2022","article-title":"Sulforaphane attenuates cancer cell-induced atrophy of c2c12 myotubes","volume":"324","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02334-4","article-title":"Nuclear factor e2-related factor 2 (nrf2) deficiency accelerates fast fibre type transition in soleus muscle during space flight","volume":"4","author":"Hayashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvt150","article-title":"Nrf2 deficiency prevents reductive stress-induced hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"100","author":"Kannan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2013.01.008","article-title":"Diet-relevant phytochemical intake affects the cardiac ahr and nrf2 transcriptome and reduces heart failure in hypertensive rats","volume":"24","author":"Seymour","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2014.5962","article-title":"Frequency modulated translocational oscillations of nrf2 mediate the antioxidant response element cytoprotective transcriptional response","volume":"23","author":"Xue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1003","article-title":"Activation of nf-e2-related factor-2 reverses biochemical dysfunction of endothelial cells induced by hyperglycemia linked to vascular disease","volume":"57","author":"Xue","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2010.090729","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell properties of periodontal ligament cells from deciduous and permanent teeth","volume":"81","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679937","DOI":"10.3389\/fdmed.2021.679937","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomic analysis reveals developmental relationships and specific markers of mouse periodontium cellular subsets","volume":"2","author":"Nagata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Dent. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-407696-9.00006-3","article-title":"Prospective potency of tgf-\u03b21 on maintenance and regeneration of periodontal tissue","volume":"304","author":"Maeda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjl001","article-title":"The tissue, cellular, and molecular regulation of orthodontic tooth movement: 100 years after carl sandstedt","volume":"28","author":"Meikle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"469.e1","article-title":"Cellular, molecular, and tissue-level reactions to orthodontic force. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics: Official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics","volume":"129","author":"Krishnan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001269","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202001269","article-title":"Current trends in in vitro modeling to mimic cellular crosstalk in periodontal tissue","volume":"10","author":"Aveic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1053\/crad.2001.0826","article-title":"Dental panoramic tomography: What the general radiologist needs to know","volume":"57","author":"Murray","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Craveiro, R.B., Florea, A., Niederau, C., Brenji, S., Kiessling, F., Sahnoun, S.E.M., Morgenroth, A., Mottaghy, F.M., and Wolf, M. (2022). [(68)ga]ga-pentixafor and sodium [(18)f]fluoride pet can non-invasively identify and monitor the dynamics of orthodontic tooth movement in mouse model. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11192949"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roth, C.E., Craveiro, R.B., Niederau, C., Malyaran, H., Neuss, S., Jankowski, J., and Wolf, M. (2022). Mechanical compression by simulating orthodontic tooth movement in an in vitro model modulates phosphorylation of akt and mapks via tlr4 in human periodontal ligament cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158062"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-6343.2006.00372.x","article-title":"The effect of drugs on orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"9","author":"Krishnan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Orthod. Craniofacial Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034509338914","article-title":"On a path to unfolding the biological mechanisms of orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"88","author":"Krishnan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12197","article-title":"Role of periodontal ligament fibroblasts in osteoclastogenesis: A review","volume":"50","author":"Sokos","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1302\/2046-3758.81.BJR-2018-0060.R1","article-title":"Effects of mechanical forces on osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts: A systematic review of in vitro studies","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone Jt. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-6343.2009.01444.x","article-title":"Rank\/rankl\/opg during orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"12","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2007.00469.x","article-title":"Cytokine expression pattern in compression and tension sides of the periodontal ligament during orthodontic tooth movement in humans","volume":"115","author":"Garlet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12630","article-title":"A comprehensive study on donor-matched comparisons of three types of mesenchymal stem cells-containing cells from human dental tissue","volume":"54","author":"Xing","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16627-0","article-title":"Investigation of multipotent postnatal stem cells from human periodontal ligament","volume":"364","author":"Seo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjms.2018.01.007","article-title":"Orthodontic tooth movement: The biology and clinical implications","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2019.10.017","article-title":"External apical root resorption and vectors of orthodontic tooth movement. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics: Official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics","volume":"158","author":"Linkous","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.2319\/102716-774.1","article-title":"Peridental bone changes after orthodontic tooth movement with fixed appliances: A cone-beam computed tomographic study","volume":"87","author":"Jager","year":"2017","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2007.06.012","article-title":"Identification of orthodontic patients at risk of severe apical root resorption","volume":"135","author":"Artun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22830","article-title":"Connexin 43 and erk regulate tension-induced signal transduction in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res. Off. Publ. Orthop. Res. Soc."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2021.112598","article-title":"Nrf2 activation is involved in osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells under cyclic mechanical stretch","volume":"403","author":"Xi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816000","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.816000","article-title":"Nrf2 activation is involved in cyclic mechanical stress-stimulated osteogenic differentiation in periodontal ligament stem cells via pi3k\/akt signaling and ho1-sod2 interaction","volume":"9","author":"Xi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2021.10.003","article-title":"N-acetylcysteine promotes cyclic mechanical stress-induced osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells by down-regulating nrf2 expression","volume":"17","author":"Xi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1159\/000380991","article-title":"Physiology of bone","volume":"28","author":"Grabowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr. Dev."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13325","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700636104","article-title":"Primary cilia mediate mechanosensing in bone cells by a calcium-independent mechanism","volume":"104","author":"Malone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2012.10.013","article-title":"Mechanosensation and transduction in osteocytes","volume":"54","author":"Bakker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2012-1026","article-title":"The osteocyte: An endocrine cell. And more","volume":"34","author":"Dallas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894123","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/894123","article-title":"Periodontal biological events associated with orthodontic tooth movement: The biomechanics of the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix","volume":"2015","author":"Feller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-020-0099-y","article-title":"Molecular mechanosensors in osteocytes","volume":"8","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101845","article-title":"Nrf2 function in osteocytes is required for bone homeostasis and drives osteocytic gene expression","volume":"40","author":"Pedrazza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/gtc.12579","article-title":"Hyperactivation of nrf2 leads to hypoplasia of bone in vivo","volume":"23","author":"Yoshida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genes Cells Devoted Mol. Cell. Mech."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pellegrini, G.G., Cregor, M., McAndrews, K., Morales, C.C., McCabe, L.D., McCabe, G.P., Peacock, M., Burr, D., Weaver, C., and Bellido, T. (2017). Nrf2 regulates mass accrual and the antioxidant endogenous response in bone differently depending on the sex and age. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171161"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726590","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/726590","article-title":"Effects of nrf2 deficiency on bone microarchitecture in an experimental model of osteoporosis","volume":"2014","author":"Ibanez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kubo, Y., Gonzalez, J.A.H., Beckmann, R., Weiler, M., Pahlavani, H., Saldivar, M.C., Szymanski, K., Rosenhain, S., Fragoulis, A., and Leeflang, S. (2022). Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (nrf2) deficiency causes age-dependent progression of female osteoporosis. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-05942-1"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-019-00576-3","article-title":"Role of nrf2 in fracture healing: Clinical aspects of oxidative stress","volume":"105","author":"Kubo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-014-9900-5","article-title":"Nrf2 deficiency impairs fracture healing in mice","volume":"95","author":"Lippross","year":"2014","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-020-00128-8","article-title":"Nrf2 epigenetic derepression induced by running exercise protects against osteoporosis","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2016.07.013","article-title":"The burden of musculoskeletal diseases in the united states","volume":"46","author":"Yelin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-008-0286-4","article-title":"The basic science of tendinopathy","volume":"466","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280701785395","article-title":"The effect of stress-deprivation and cyclic loading on the timp\/mmp ratio in tendon cells: An in vitro experimental study","volume":"30","author":"Gardner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0940-9602(11)80155-X","article-title":"The distal tendon of the biceps brachii. Structure and clinical correlations","volume":"177","author":"Koch","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Anat. Anat. Anz. Off. Organ Anat. Ges."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.1998.19320215.x","article-title":"Regional differences in cell shape and gap junction expression in rat achilles tendon: Relation to fibrocartilage differentiation","volume":"193","author":"Ralphs","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.3109\/03008207.2013.847096","article-title":"Distributions of types i, ii and iii collagen by region in the human supraspinatus tendon","volume":"54","author":"Buckley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Connect. Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-003-0500-5","article-title":"Structure of the human tibialis posterior tendon","volume":"124","author":"Petersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2005.00465.x","article-title":"The role of vasculature and angiogenesis for the pathogenesis of degenerative tendons disease","volume":"15","author":"Pufe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sport."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(04)33001-9","article-title":"Biology of fibrocartilage cells","volume":"233","author":"Benjamin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cytol."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"191","article-title":"Segmental variation in microstructure, matrix synthesis and cell proliferation in rabbit flexor tendon","volume":"23","author":"Abrahamsson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Scand. J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Hand Surg."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.096354","article-title":"Scx+\/sox9+ progenitors contribute to the establishment of the junction between cartilage and tendon\/ligament","volume":"140","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2018.07.008","article-title":"New insights into tgf-beta\/smad signaling in tissue fibrosis","volume":"292","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem.-Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"e22841","article-title":"Effect of mechanical tension on fibroblast transcriptome profile and regulatory mechanisms of myocardial collagen turnover","volume":"37","author":"Shiraishi","year":"2023","journal-title":"FASEB J. Off. Publ. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1997.0102","article-title":"Mechanical loading and tgf-beta regulate proteoglycan synthesis in tendon","volume":"342","author":"Robbins","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00432-X","article-title":"Mechanisms of tgf-beta signaling from cell membrane to the nucleus","volume":"113","author":"Shi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"8172","article-title":"Tendon-derived extracellular matrix induces mesenchymal stem cell tenogenesis via an integrin\/transforming growth factor-beta crosstalk-mediated mechanism","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J. Off. Publ. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2104469","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202104469","article-title":"Inhibition of integrin alphavbeta6 activation of tgf-beta attenuates tendinopathy","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508331137","article-title":"In vitro model to study chondrogenic differentiation in tendinopathy","volume":"37","author":"Koevoet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2007.00735.x","article-title":"Increased versican content is associated with tendinosis pathology in the patellar tendon of athletes with jumper\u2019s knee","volume":"18","author":"Scott","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sport."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tohidnezhad, M., Zander, J., Slowik, A., Kubo, Y., Dursun, G., Willenberg, W., Zendedel, A., Kweider, N., Stoffel, M., and Pufe, T. (2020). Impact of uniaxial stretching on both gliding and traction areas of tendon explants in a novel bioreactor. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082925"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.21059","article-title":"Integrin signaling in skeletal development and function","volume":"102","author":"Docheva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. Part C Embryo Today Rev."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12644","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69267-6","article-title":"Beta1 integrin, ilk and mtor regulate collagen synthesis in mechanically loaded tendon cells","volume":"10","author":"Mousavizadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885224","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.885224","article-title":"The role of mechanically-activated ion channels piezo1, piezo2, and trpv4 in chondrocyte mechanotransduction and mechano-therapeutics for osteoarthritis","volume":"10","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.mie.2020.12.024","article-title":"Stretch and poke stimulation for characterizing mechanically activated ion channels","volume":"654","author":"Lewis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-060721-100935","article-title":"The diverse physiological functions of mechanically activated ion channels in mammals","volume":"84","author":"Poole","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"1056","article-title":"piezo proteins form a new class of mechanically activated ion channels","volume":"28","author":"Coste","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Sci. M\/S"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2016.09.004","article-title":"Touch, tension, and transduction-the function and regulation of piezo ion channels","volume":"42","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21074","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.21074","article-title":"Direct measurement of trpv4 and piezo1 activity reveals multiple mechanotransduction pathways in chondrocytes","volume":"6","author":"Moroni","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-019-0364-x","article-title":"Tendon and ligament mechanical loading in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis","volume":"16","author":"Gracey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"94","article-title":"The interface of mechanical loading and biological variables as they pertain to the development of tendinosis","volume":"11","author":"Thornton","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.04.007","article-title":"Conversion of mechanical force into tgf-beta-mediated biochemical signals","volume":"21","author":"Maeda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Biol. CB"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2014.01.041","article-title":"Contribution of oxidative stress to the degeneration of rotator cuff entheses","volume":"23","author":"Morikawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elb. Surg."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Meng, N., Wang, X., Chen, W., and Zhang, Q. (2022). Trpv4 and piezo channels mediate the mechanosensing of chondrocytes to the biomechanical microenvironment. Membranes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes12020237"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8884922","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8884922","article-title":"Mechanosensitive ion channel piezo1 activated by matrix stiffness regulates oxidative stress-induced senescence and apoptosis in human intervertebral disc degeneration","volume":"2021","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., Yang, P., Li, C., Lu, Y., Kou, Y., Liu, H., Guo, J., and Li, M. (2022). Periostin regulates lps-induced apoptosis via nrf2\/ho-1 pathway in periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Oral Dis.","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14189"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12136","article-title":"Deferoxamine promotes osteoblastic differentiation in human periodontal ligament cells via the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-mediated antioxidant signaling pathway","volume":"49","author":"Chung","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, K., Zhou, M., Wang, L., Wang, Y., Tang, H., He, G., Wang, H., Tang, C., He, J., and Wang, W. (2023). N-acetyl-l-cysteine facilitates tendon repair and promotes the tenogenic differentiation of tendon stem\/progenitor cells by enhancing the integrin alpha5\/beta1\/pi3k\/akt signaling. BMC Mol. Cell Biol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12860-022-00463-0"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15456","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms150915456","article-title":"Mechanical forces induce changes in vegf and vegfr-1\/sflt-1 expression in human chondrocytes","volume":"15","author":"Beckmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kubo, Y., Hoffmann, B., Goltz, K., Schnakenberg, U., Jahr, H., Merkel, R., Schulze-Tanzil, G., Pufe, T., and Tohidnezhad, M. (2020). Different frequency of cyclic tensile strain relates to anabolic\/catabolic conditions consistent with immunohistochemical staining intensity in tenocytes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21031082"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popov, C., Burggraf, M., Kreja, L., Ignatius, A., Schieker, M., and Docheva, D. (2015). Mechanical stimulation of human tendon stem\/progenitor cells results in upregulation of matrix proteins, integrins and mmps, and activation of p38 and erk1\/2 kinases. BMC Mol. Biol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12867-015-0036-6"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2012.04.126","article-title":"Pp015. Differential expression of nrf2 and vegf in human placental beds from normal and pregnancies complicated with preeclampsia and iugr","volume":"2","author":"Kweider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-011-0808-0","article-title":"Platelet-released growth factors can accelerate tenocyte proliferation and activate the anti-oxidant response element","volume":"135","author":"Tohidnezhad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2014.04.029","article-title":"Role of platelet-released growth factors in detoxification of reactive oxygen species in osteoblasts","volume":"65","author":"Tohidnezhad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verbruggen, S.W. (2018). Mechanobiology in Health and Disease, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-812952-4.00006-4"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"011501","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0068277","article-title":"The role of mechanobiology in bone and cartilage model systems in characterizing initiation and progression of osteoarthritis","volume":"6","author":"Hodgkinson","year":"2022","journal-title":"APL Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, R., Hua, X., Li, J., Chi, W., Zhang, Z., Lu, F., Zhang, L., Pflugfelder, S.C., and Li, D.Q. (2015). Oxidative stress markers induced by hyperosmolarity in primary human corneal epithelial cells. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126561"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"BSR20191711","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20191711","article-title":"Hyper-osmolarity environment-induced oxidative stress injury promotes nucleus pulposus cell senescence in vitro","volume":"39","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-014-0493-9","article-title":"Physicochemical and biomechanical stimuli in cell-based articular cartilage repair","volume":"17","author":"Jahr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2012.11.032","article-title":"Osmolarity determines the in vitro chondrogenic differentiation capacity of progenitor cells via nuclear factor of activated t-cells 5","volume":"53","author":"Caron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R100","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3031","article-title":"Physiological tonicity improves human chondrogenic marker expression through nuclear factor of activated t-cells 5 in vitro","volume":"12","author":"Haak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jahr, H., van der Windt, A.E., Timur, U.T., Baart, E.B., Lian, W.S., Rolauffs, B., Wang, F.S., and Pufe, T. (2022). Physosmotic induction of chondrogenic maturation is tgf-beta dependent and enhanced by calcineurin inhibitor fk506. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23095110"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan Timur, U., Caron, M., van den Akker, G., van der Windt, A., Visser, J., van Rhijn, L., Weinans, H., Welting, T., Emans, P., and Jahr, H. (2019). Increased tgf-beta and bmp levels and improved chondrocyte-specific marker expression in vitro under cartilage-specific physiological osmolarity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20040795"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2015.142","article-title":"Wnt signaling in cartilage development and diseases: Lessons from animal studies","volume":"96","author":"Usami","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lab. Investig. A J. Tech. Methods Pathol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1405","article-title":"The thioredoxin-related redox-regulating protein nucleoredoxin inhibits wnt-beta-catenin signalling through dishevelled","volume":"8","author":"Funato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2006.05.007","article-title":"Regulation of the wnt\/beta-catenin pathway by redox signaling","volume":"10","author":"Korswagen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2023.02.043","article-title":"Piezo1 alleviates acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury by activating nrf2 and reducing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species","volume":"652","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/03008207.2019.1665035","article-title":"Glutathione as a mediator of cartilage oxidative stress resistance and resilience during aging and osteoarthritis","volume":"61","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Connect. Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.132720","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in rheumatoid arthritis: Insights from the nrf2-knockout mice","volume":"70","author":"Wruck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2020.109880","article-title":"Review: Er stress-induced cell death in osteoarthritic cartilage","volume":"78","author":"Rellmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.10.504","article-title":"Even free radicals should follow some rules: A guide to free radical research terminology and methodology","volume":"78","author":"Forman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(00)00198-2","article-title":"Biomarkers of oxidative stress study: Are plasma antioxidants markers of ccl(4) poisoning?","volume":"28","author":"Kadiiska","year":"2000","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2004.09.017","article-title":"; et al. Biomarkers of oxidative stress study ii: Are oxidation products of lipids, proteins, and DNA markers of ccl4 poisoning?","volume":"38","author":"Kadiiska","year":"2005","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2004.10.024","article-title":"Biomarkers of oxidative stress study iii. Effects of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents indomethacin and meclofenamic acid on measurements of oxidative products of lipids in ccl4 poisoning","volume":"38","author":"Kadiiska","year":"2005","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.07.013","article-title":"Biomarkers of oxidative stress study iv: Ozone exposure of rats and its effect on antioxidants in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid","volume":"51","author":"Kadiiska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.04.023","article-title":"Biomarkers of oxidative stress study v: Ozone exposure of rats and its effect on lipids, proteins, and DNA in plasma and urine","volume":"61","author":"Kadiiska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2015.01.006","article-title":"Biomarkers of oxidative stress study vi. Endogenous plasma antioxidants fail as useful biomarkers of endotoxin-induced oxidative stress","volume":"81","author":"Kadiiska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/9\/7722\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:21:40Z","timestamp":1760124100000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/9\/7722"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]]},"references-count":158,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24097722"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24097722","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]]}}}