{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T16:22:37Z","timestamp":1792167757168,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]],"date-time":"2023-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gene therapy is a technique involving the modification of an individual\u2019s genes for treating a particular disease. The key to effective gene therapy is an efficient carrier delivery system. Viral vectors that have been artificially modified to lose their pathogenicity are used widely as a delivery system, with the key advantages of their natural high transduction efficiency and stable expression. With decades of development, viral vector-based gene therapies have achieved promising clinical outcomes. Currently, the three key vector strategies are based on adeno-associated viruses, adenoviruses, and lentiviruses. However, certain challenges, such as immunotoxicity and \u201coff-target\u201d, continue to exist. In the present review, the above three viral vectors are discussed along with their respective therapeutic applications. In addition, the major translational challenges encountered in viral vector-based gene therapies are summarized, and the possible strategies to address these challenges are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24097736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T04:01:23Z","timestamp":1682308883000},"page":"7736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":189,"title":["Viral Vector-Based Gene Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Xuedan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China"},{"name":"Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0945-1548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China"},{"name":"Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhegang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China"},{"name":"Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6971-9916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuanxuan","family":"Nian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China"},{"name":"Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China"},{"name":"Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2598-4355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan 430207, China"},{"name":"Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China"},{"name":"China National Biotech Group Company Limited, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16034","DOI":"10.1038\/mtm.2016.34","article-title":"Clinical development of gene therapy: Results and lessons from recent successes","volume":"3","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. 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