{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T12:56:25Z","timestamp":1786366585628,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondazione Celiachia Onlus, Italy","award":["046_FC_2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["046_FC_2013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coeliac disease (CeD) is an immune-mediated disorder triggered by the ingestion of gluten and an as yet unidentified environmental factor in genetically predisposed individuals. The disease involves a major autoimmune component that primarily damages the intestinal mucosa; although, it also has systemic involvement. The Th1 inflammatory response is one of the main events leading to mucosal damage; although, enterocytes and the innate immune response also participate in the pathological mechanism. In this study, we performed an analysis of the gene expression profile of the intestinal mucosa of patients with active disease and compared it with that of patients who do not suffer from gluten-related disorders but report dyspeptic symptoms. This analysis identified 1781 differentially expressed (DE) genes, of which 872 were downregulated and 909 upregulated. Gene Ontology and pathway analysis indicated that the innate and adaptive immune response, in particular the Th1 pathway, are important pathogenetic mechanisms of CeD, while the key cytokines are IL27, IL21, IL2, IL1b, TNF, CSF2 and IL7, as well as type I (IFNA1, IFNA2) and type II (IFNG) interferons. Finally, the comparison between the DE genes identified in this study and those identified in our previous study in the intestinal mucosa of patients with non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) revealed a high degree of molecular overlap. About 30% of the genes dysregulated in NCGS, most of which are long non-coding RNAs, are also altered in CeD suggesting that these diseases may have a common root (dysregulated long non-coding RNAs) from which they develop towards an inflammatory phenotype of variable degree in the case of CeD and NCGS respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24097769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T02:06:35Z","timestamp":1682388395000},"page":"7769","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Gene Expression Profiling in Coeliac Disease Confirmed the Key Role of the Immune System and Revealed a Molecular Overlap with Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2555-3571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Sallese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), \u2018G. d\u2019Annunzio\u2019 University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9537-6507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Efthymakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), \u2018G. d\u2019Annunzio\u2019 University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, \u2018G. d\u2019Annunzio\u2019 University of Chieti\u2013Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1702-4127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Marchioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biostatistics, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, \u2018G. d\u2019Annunzio\u2019 University of Chieti\u2013Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0803-7903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedetto","family":"Neri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University \u2018Tor Vergata\u2019 of Rome, 00133 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7515-9794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatrice","family":"Dufrusine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), \u2018G. d\u2019Annunzio\u2019 University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7163-9344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Dainese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1748-1931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Di Nicola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biostatistics, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, \u2018G. d\u2019Annunzio\u2019 University of Chieti\u2013Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8856-7690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Neri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), \u2018G. d\u2019Annunzio\u2019 University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, \u2018G. d\u2019Annunzio\u2019 University of Chieti\u2013Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575844","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.575844","article-title":"Beyond the HLA Genes in Gluten-Related Disorders","volume":"7","author":"Sallese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. 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