{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T23:44:20Z","timestamp":1782603860597,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Some viruses are known to be associated with the onset of specific cancers. These microorganisms, oncogenic viruses or oncoviruses, can convert normal cells into cancer cells by modulating the central metabolic pathways or hampering genomic integrity mechanisms, consequently inhibiting the apoptotic machinery and\/or enhancing cell proliferation. Seven oncogenic viruses are known to promote tumorigenesis in humans: human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV, HCV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human T-cell leukemia virus 1 (HTLV-1), Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). Recent research indicates that SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 progression may predispose recovered patients to cancer onset and accelerate cancer development. This hypothesis is based on the growing evidence regarding the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to modulate oncogenic pathways, promoting chronic low-grade inflammation and causing tissue damage. Herein, we summarize the main relationships known to date between virus infection and cancer, providing a summary of the proposed biochemical mechanisms behind the cellular transformation. Mechanistically, DNA viruses (such as HPV, HBV, EBV, and MCPyV) encode their virus oncogenes. In contrast, RNA viruses (like HCV, HTLV-1) may encode oncogenes or trigger host oncogenes through cis-\/-trans activation leading to different types of cancer. As for SARS-CoV-2, its role as an oncogenic virus seems to occur through the inhibition of oncosuppressors or controlling the metabolic and autophagy pathways in the infected cells. However, these effects could be significant in particular scenarios like those linked to severe COVID-19 or long COVID. On the other hand, looking at the SARS-CoV-2\u2500cancer relationship from an opposite perspective, oncolytic effects and anti-tumor immune response were triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection in some cases. In summary, our work aims to recall comprehensive attention from the scientific community to elucidate the effects of SARS-CoV-2 and, more in general, \u03b2-coronavirus infection on cancer susceptibility for cancer prevention or supporting therapeutic approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24097803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T04:27:02Z","timestamp":1682396822000},"page":"7803","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Deciphering the Relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6386-2009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Costanzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"CEINGE\u2013Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore s.c.ar.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Anna Rachele","family":"De Giglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6978-542X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni Nicola","family":"Roviello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, Italian National Council for Research (IBB-CNR), Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/cgt.2017.16","article-title":"New methods in the diagnosis of cancer and gene therapy of cancer based on nanoparticles","volume":"24","author":"Zaimy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boopathi, E., and Thangavel, C. (2021). Dark Side of Cancer Therapy: Cancer Treatment-Induced Cardiopulmonary Inflammation, Fibrosis, and Immune Modulation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221810126"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2018.12.003","article-title":"A comprehensive data level analysis for cancer diagnosis on imbalanced data","volume":"90","author":"Fotouhi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. 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