{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:13:47Z","timestamp":1787062427155,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Germany"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The risk of oxidative stress is unavoidable in preterm infants and increases the risk of neonatal morbidities. Premature infants often require sedation and analgesia, and the commonly used opioids and benzodiazepines are associated with adverse effects. Impairment of cerebellar functions during cognitive development could be a crucial factor in neurodevelopmental disorders of prematurity. Recent studies have focused on dexmedetomidine (DEX), which has been associated with potential neuroprotective properties and is used as an off-label application in neonatal units. Wistar rats (P6) were exposed to 80% hyperoxia for 24 h and received as pretreatment a single dose of DEX (5\u00b5g\/kg, i.p.). Analyses in the immature rat cerebellum immediately after hyperoxia (P7) and after recovery to room air (P9, P11, and P14) included examinations for cell death and inflammatory and oxidative responses. Acute exposure to high oxygen concentrations caused a significant oxidative stress response, with a return to normal levels by P14. A marked reduction of hyperoxia-mediated damage was demonstrated after DEX pretreatment. DEX produced a much earlier recovery than in controls, confirming a neuroprotective effect of DEX on alterations elicited by oxygen stress on the developing cerebellum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24097804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T04:27:02Z","timestamp":1682396822000},"page":"7804","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Dexmedetomidine Protects Cerebellar Neurons against Hyperoxia-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in the Juvenile Rat"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Puls","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarissa","family":"von Haefen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9950-414X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"B\u00fchrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4030-7969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie","family":"Endesfelder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(21)00311-4","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000\u201319: An updated systematic analysis with implications for the Sustainable Development Goals","volume":"6","author":"Perin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet. Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lembo, C., Buonocore, G., and Perrone, S. (2021). Oxidative Stress in Preterm Newborns. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10111672"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7483062","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7483062","article-title":"The Free Radical Diseases of Prematurity: From Cellular Mechanisms to Bedside","volume":"2018","author":"Perrone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2575","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.718004","article-title":"Biomarkers of oxidative stress in fetal and neonatal diseases","volume":"25","author":"Perrone","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00369","article-title":"Oxidative Stress as a Primary Risk Factor for Brain Damage in Preterm Newborns","volume":"6","author":"Panfoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2017.03.011","article-title":"Oxygen and oxidative stress in the perinatal period","volume":"12","author":"Kuligowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2019.03.035","article-title":"Oxygen radical disease in the newborn, revisited: Oxidative stress and disease in the newborn period","volume":"142","author":"Perez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/00001703-200104000-00009","article-title":"Update on oxygen radical disease in neonatology","volume":"13","author":"Saugstad","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-9422","article-title":"The precarious antioxidant defenses of the preterm infant","volume":"17","author":"Thibeault","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"134","article-title":"Anti-oxidant profiles and markers of oxidative stress in preterm neonates","volume":"36","author":"Alsharany","year":"2015","journal-title":"Paediatr. Int. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.116.237503","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and the Central Nervous System","volume":"360","author":"Salim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5784146","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5784146","article-title":"Perinatal Hyperoxia and Developmental Consequences on the Lung-Brain Axis","volume":"2022","author":"Obst","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.115","article-title":"Normal development of brain circuits","volume":"35","author":"Tau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531571","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.531571","article-title":"Premature Birth and Developmental Programming: Mechanisms of Resilience and Vulnerability","volume":"11","author":"Lammertink","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073819847925","article-title":"Neurologic Examination Findings Associated with Small Cerebellar Volumes after Prematurity","volume":"34","author":"Tam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.04.059","article-title":"Associations of Newborn Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Long-Term Neurodevelopmental Impairments in Very Preterm Children","volume":"187","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655164","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2021.655164","article-title":"Cerebellum and Prematurity: A Complex Interplay Between Disruptive and Dysmaturational Events","volume":"15","author":"Spoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1169","article-title":"Late gestation cerebellar growth is rapid and impeded by premature birth","volume":"115","author":"Limperopoulos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073809338067","article-title":"Cerebellum of the premature infant: Rapidly developing, vulnerable, clinically important","volume":"24","author":"Volpe","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16316","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental disorders and somatic diagnoses in a national cohort of children born before 24 weeks of gestation","volume":"111","author":"Morsing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13675","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcome in very preterm and very-low-birthweight infants born over the past decade: A meta-analytic review","volume":"60","author":"Pascal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2021-321668","article-title":"School-aged neurodevelopmental outcomes for children born extremely preterm","volume":"106","author":"Doyle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.2052","article-title":"Temporal Trends in Neurodevelopmental Outcomes to 2 Years After Extremely Preterm Birth","volume":"175","author":"Cheong","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ENEURO.0546-20.2021","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0546-20.2021","article-title":"Neonatal White Matter Microstructure and Emotional Development during the Preschool Years in Children Who Were Born Very Preterm","volume":"8","author":"Kanel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eneuro"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-021-09382-1","article-title":"The prevalence and profile of autism in individuals born preterm: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Laverty","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurodev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-309581","article-title":"Early and long-term outcome of infants born extremely preterm","volume":"102","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.4161\/oxim.3.4.12858","article-title":"Exogenous antioxidants--Double-edged swords in cellular redox state: Health beneficial effects at physiologic doses versus deleterious effects at high doses","volume":"3","author":"Bouayed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800418791028","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Preterm Birth: An Integrative Review","volume":"20","author":"Moore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108251","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/108251","article-title":"New antioxidant drugs for neonatal brain injury","volume":"2015","author":"Tataranno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falsaperla, R., Lombardo, F., Filosco, F., Romano, C., Saporito, M.A.N., Puglisi, F., Piro, E., Ruggieri, M., and Pavone, P. (2020). Oxidative Stress in Preterm Infants: Overview of Current Evidence and Future Prospects. Pharmaceuticals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13070145"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2018.10.004","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine reduces oxidative stress and provides neuroprotection in a model of traumatic brain injury via the PGC-1\u03b1 signaling pathway","volume":"72","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"867","article-title":"The Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Oxidative Stress Response Following Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion in Rats and the Expression of Intracellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and S100B","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit. Int. Med. J. Exp. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Zeng, M., Chen, W., Liu, C., Wang, F., Han, X., Zuo, Z., and Peng, S. (2014). Dexmedetomidine reduces isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis partly by preserving PI3K\/Akt pathway in the hippocampus of neonatal rats. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093639"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Endesfelder, S., Makki, H., von Haefen, C., Spies, C.D., Buhrer, C., and Sifringer, M. (2017). Neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine against hyperoxia-induced injury in the developing rat brain. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171498"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530371","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/530371","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of dexmedetomidine on hyperoxia-induced toxicity in the neonatal rat brain","volume":"2015","author":"Sifringer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puls, R., von Haefen, C., B\u00fchrer, C., and Endesfelder, S. (2023). Protective Effect of Dexmedetomidine against Hyperoxia-Damaged Cerebral Neurodevelopment in the Juvenile Rat. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12040980"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1159\/000454917","article-title":"Hyperoxia and the Immature Brain","volume":"38","author":"Reich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e146095","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI146095","article-title":"Neonatal hyperoxia in mice triggers long-term cognitive deficits via impairments in cerebrovascular function and neurogenesis","volume":"132","author":"Lithopoulos","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s11062-019-09819-3","article-title":"Can Excessive Oxygen Cause Hyperactive Behavior Disorder in Preterm Children? Cognitive Effects of Hyperoxia in the Preterm Brain of Rats","volume":"51","author":"Dilek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurophysiology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-021-00942-w","article-title":"Association between early cerebral oxygenation and neurodevelopmental impairment or death in premature infants","volume":"41","author":"Katheria","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9914","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28220-4","article-title":"Supraphysiological Levels of Oxygen Exposure During the Neonatal Period Impairs Signaling Pathways Required for Learning and Memory","volume":"8","author":"Ramani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2016.00143","article-title":"Oxygen Use in Neonatal Care: A Two-edged Sword","volume":"4","author":"Perrone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-022-09773-7","article-title":"Oxygen toxicity: Cellular mechanisms in normobaric hyperoxia","volume":"39","author":"Alva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428010","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/428010","article-title":"Mechanism of oxidative stress in neurodegeneration","volume":"2012","author":"Gandhi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1021\/bi9020378","article-title":"Signaling functions of reactive oxygen species","volume":"49","author":"Forman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Endesfelder, S., Weichelt, U., Strauss, E., Schlor, A., Sifringer, M., Scheuer, T., Buhrer, C., and Schmitz, T. (2017). Neuroprotection by Caffeine in Hyperoxia-Induced Neonatal Brain Injury. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18010187"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2012.03.017","article-title":"Glutathione synthesis and its role in redox signaling","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.5149","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species in Inflammation and Tissue Injury","volume":"20","author":"Mittal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000065736.69214.20","article-title":"Developmental changes in murine brain antioxidant enzymes","volume":"54","author":"Khan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(92)90139-N","article-title":"Development of antioxidant enzymes in rat brain and in reaggregation culture of fetal brain cells","volume":"66","author":"Aspberg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dev. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juan, C.A., P\u00e9rez de la Lastra, J.M., Plou, F.J., and P\u00e9rez-Lebe\u00f1a, E. (2021). The Chemistry of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Revisited: Outlining Their Role in Biological Macromolecules (DNA, Lipids and Proteins) and Induced Pathologies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094642"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2006.04.007","article-title":"Signals for the induction of nitric oxide synthase in astrocytes","volume":"49","author":"Saha","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6480","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-17-06480.2001","article-title":"Inflammatory neurodegeneration mediated by nitric oxide from activated glia-inhibiting neuronal respiration, causing glutamate release and excitotoxicity","volume":"21","author":"Brown","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00029.2006","article-title":"Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in health and disease","volume":"87","author":"Pacher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9084(02)01369-X","article-title":"Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in cell death signaling","volume":"84","author":"Fleury","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965661","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.965661","article-title":"The neuroprotective effect of dexmedetomidine and its mechanism","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200511000-00011","article-title":"Effects of dexmedetomidine on hippocampal focal adhesion kinase tyrosine phosphorylation in physiologic and ischemic conditions","volume":"103","author":"Dahmani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.2011.01382.x","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine protects against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced injury through the I2 imidazoline receptor-PI3K\/AKT pathway in rat C6 glioma cells","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-019-02922-1","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine Inhibits Neuroinflammation by Altering Microglial M1\/M2 Polarization Through MAPK\/ERK Pathway","volume":"45","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Yan, F., Feng, J., Qian, H., Cheng, Z., Yang, Q., Wu, Y., Zhao, Z., Li, A., and Xiao, H. (2018). Dexmedetomidine inhibits inflammatory reaction in the hippocampus of septic rats by suppressing NF-\u03baB pathway. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196897"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060517734460","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine protects against oxygen-glucose deprivation\/reoxygenation injury-induced apoptosis via the p38 MAPK\/ERK signalling pathway","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3295","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1283-6","article-title":"Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Brain Disorders: Focus on Neuroinflammation","volume":"56","author":"Doorduin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sane.2006.02.002","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine and neuroprotection","volume":"25","author":"Janke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin. Anesth. Perioper. Med. Pain"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-021-01381-3","article-title":"Tailored Therapeutic Doses of Dexmedetomidine in Evolving Neuroinflammation after Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"36","author":"Karakaya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurocritical Care"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050640","article-title":"Blocking IL-1 in systemic inflammation","volume":"201","author":"Dinarello","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2007.09.004","article-title":"A dual role for interleukin-1 in hippocampal-dependent memory processes","volume":"32","author":"Goshen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00008","article-title":"Microglia and CNS Interleukin-1: Beyond Immunological Concepts","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Rodr\u00edguez, D.R., Blanco-Luquin, I., and Mendioroz, M. (2021). The Participation of Microglia in Neurogenesis: A Review. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11050658"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490430113","article-title":"Identification and topography of neuronal cell populations expressing TNF alpha and IL-1 alpha in response to hippocampal lesion","volume":"43","author":"Jacque","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(98)00224-0","article-title":"Expression and localization of p80 and p68 interleukin-1 receptor proteins in the brain of adult mice","volume":"93","author":"French","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.12.023","article-title":"The direct excitatory effect of IL-1beta on cerebellar Purkinje cell","volume":"379","author":"Motoki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.07.063","article-title":"Status epilepticus induces time-dependent neuronal and astrocytic expression of interleukin-1 receptor type I in the rat limbic system","volume":"137","author":"Ravizza","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-022-00335-7","article-title":"Protective effects of dexmedetomidine in vital organ injury: Crucial roles of autophagy","volume":"27","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118980","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine post-conditioning ameliorates long-term neurological outcomes after neonatal hypoxic ischemia: The role of autophagy","volume":"270","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"837","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine on autophagy of hippocampal neurons in aged rats under sevoflurane anesthesia","volume":"16","author":"Yi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00197","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine Protects Mouse Brain from Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via Inhibiting Neuronal Autophagy through Up-Regulating HIF-1\u03b1","volume":"11","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7006","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15474","article-title":"The potential role of dexmedetomidine on neuroprotection and its possible mechanisms: Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"54","author":"Unchiti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2021.12300","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine alleviates early brain injury following traumatic brain injury by inhibiting autophagy and neuroinflammation through the ROS\/Nrf2 signaling pathway","volume":"24","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.116553","article-title":"Protective effect of dexmedetomidine against diabetic hyperglycemia-exacerbated cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury: An in vivo and in vitro study","volume":"235","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.10906","article-title":"MiR-29b expression is associated with a dexmedetomidine-mediated protective effect against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced injury to SK-N-SH cells in vitro","volume":"42","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Int."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-019-01082-2","article-title":"Role of JNK Signaling Pathway in Dexmedetomidine Post-Conditioning-Induced Reduction of the Inflammatory Response and Autophagy Effect of Focal Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Rats","volume":"42","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leveque, C., Mrakic-Sposta, S., Laf\u00e8re, P., Vezzoli, A., Germonpr\u00e9, P., Beer, A., Mievis, S., Virgili, F., Lambrechts, K., and Theunissen, S. (2022). Oxidative Stress Response\u2019s Kinetics after 60 Minutes at Different (30% or 100%) Normobaric Hyperoxia Exposures. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010664"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-020-0542-z","article-title":"Alpha synuclein aggregation drives ferroptosis: An interplay of iron, calcium and lipid peroxidation","volume":"27","author":"Angelova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5769784","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5769784","article-title":"The Conflicting Role of Caffeine Supplementation on Hyperoxia-Induced Injury on the Cerebellar Granular Cell Neurogenesis of Newborn Rats","volume":"2022","author":"Giszas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651072","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.651072","article-title":"GABAB Receptor-Mediated Impairment of Intermediate Progenitor Maturation During Postnatal Hippocampal Neurogenesis of Newborn Rats","volume":"15","author":"Gustorff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heise, J., Schmitz, T., B\u00fchrer, C., and Endesfelder, S. (2023). Protective Effects of Early Caffeine Administration in Hyperoxia-Induced Neurotoxicity in the Juvenile Rat. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12020295"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/9\/7804\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:22:55Z","timestamp":1760124175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/9\/7804"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24097804"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24097804","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]}}}