{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:21:56Z","timestamp":1793294516485,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007364","name":"CRT Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRT2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRT2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007364","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pathogenesis of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is multifactorial and there is a substantial consensus on the role of antiresorptive drugs (ARDs), including bisphosphonates (BPs) and denosumab (Dmab), as one of the main determinants. The time exposure, cumulative dose and administration intensity of these drugs are critical parameters to be considered in the treatment of patients, as cancer patients show the highest incidence of MRONJ. BPs and Dmab have distinct mechanisms of action on bone, but they also exert different effects on immune subsets which interact with bone cells, thus contributing to the onset of MRONJ. Here, we summarized the main effects of ARDs on the different immune cell subsets, which consequently affect bone cells, particularly osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Data from animal models and MRONJ patients showed a deep interference of ARDs in modulating immune cells, even though a large part of the literature concerns the effects of BPs and there is a lack of data on Dmab, demonstrating the need to further studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24097948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T02:27:56Z","timestamp":1682648876000},"page":"7948","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Immune Dysfunction in Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3029-4743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Roato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIR-Dental School, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4008-6502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Mauceri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1148-6782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Notaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIR-Dental School, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7824-8389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tullio","family":"Genova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittorio","family":"Fusco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, 15121 Alessandria, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Integrated Research Activity and Innovation (DAIRI), Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, 15121 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5800-0749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Mussano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIR-Dental School, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(03)00720-1","article-title":"Pamidronate (Aredia) and zoledronate (Zometa) induced avascular necrosis of the jaws: A growing epidemic","volume":"61","author":"Marx","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. 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