{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T17:04:06Z","timestamp":1791047046710,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dongguk University Research Fund","award":["NRF-2021R1I1A2048979"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1I1A2048979"]}]},{"name":"Dongguk University Research Fund","award":["HF22C0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HF22C0005"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2021R1I1A2048979"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1I1A2048979"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HF22C0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HF22C0005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare","award":["NRF-2021R1I1A2048979"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1I1A2048979"]}]},{"name":"Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare","award":["HF22C0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HF22C0005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Appetite dysregulation is one of the factors contributing to anorexia, bulimia nervosa, obesity, and diabetes. Essential oils or fragrant compounds have been proven to regulate food intake and energy expenditure; hence, this study aimed to summarize their effects on appetite and the underlying mechanisms. The PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched until July 2022. Only two of the 41 studies were performed clinically, and the remaining 39 used animal models. Oral administration was the most common route, and a dosage range of 100\u20132000 mg\/kg for mice or 2\u201332 mg\/kg for rats was applied, with a duration of 12 days to 4 weeks, followed by inhalation (10\u22126\u201310\u22123 mg\/cage or 10\u22129\u201310\u22122 mg\/cm3 within 1 h). Approximately 11 essential oil samples and 22 fragrant compounds were found to increase appetite, while 12 essential oils and seven compounds decreased appetite. These fragrant components can exert appetite-regulating effects via leptin resistance, the activity of sympathetic\/parasympathetic nerves, or the mRNA expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY)\/agouti-related protein (AgRP), cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART)\/proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in the hypothalamus. Fragrance memory and cognitive processes may also play roles in appetite regulation. The findings of this study accentuate the potential of essential oils and fragrant compounds to regulate appetite and eating disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24097962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T02:27:56Z","timestamp":1682648876000},"page":"7962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Effects of Essential Oils and Fragrant Compounds on Appetite: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7093-2589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nhi Phuc Khanh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1220-9616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khoa Nguyen","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0567-2562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ly Thi Huong","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heung-Mook","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6113-1325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In-Jun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1159\/000489824","article-title":"Appetite-Related Eating Behaviours: An Overview of Assessment Methods, Determinants and Effects on Children\u2019s Weight","volume":"73","author":"Freitas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. 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