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The cellular heterogeneity of this process presents a challenge in analyzing the different cell types at various developmental stages. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) provides a useful tool for exploring cellular heterogeneity. In this study, we performed a comprehensive and unbiased single-cell transcriptomic study of spermatogenesis in sexually mature 4-year-old yak using 10\u00d7 Genomics scRNA-seq. Our scRNA-seq analysis identified six somatic cell types and various germ cells, including spermatogonial stem cells, spermatogonia, early-spermatocytes, late-spermatocytes, and spermatids in yak testis. Pseudo-timing analysis showed that Leydig and myoid cells originated from common progenitor cells in yaks. Moreover, functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that the top expressed genes in yak testicular somatic cells were significantly enriched in the cAMP signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and ECM receptor interactions. Throughout the spermatogenesis process, genes related to spermatogenesis, cell differentiation, DNA binding, and ATP binding were expressed. Using immunohistochemical techniques, we identified candidate marker genes for spermatogonial stem cells and Sertoli cells. Our research provides new insights into yak spermatogenesis and the development of various types of cells in the testis, and presents more reliable marker proteins for in vitro culture and identification of yak spermatogonial stem cells in the later stage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24097982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T02:27:56Z","timestamp":1682648876000},"page":"7982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Atlas of Yak Testis Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6008-4731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingdong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 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Lanzhou 730050, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoke","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengli","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8844-3321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yandong","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziqiang","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal 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