{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:30:33Z","timestamp":1790998233653,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2021R1I1A1A01050945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1I1A1A01050945"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2020R1I1A1A01072008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1I1A1A01072008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022R1F1A1076255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1F1A1076255"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stroke is the second leading cause of death in the world. Approximately 80% of strokes are ischemic in origin. Many risk factors have been linked to stroke, including an increased level of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). PAI-1 levels increase and remain elevated in blood during the acute phase of ischemic stroke, which can impair fibrinolytic activity, leading to coronary artery disease and arterial thrombotic disorders. Here, we present a case-control study of 574 stroke patients and 425 controls seen for routine health examination or treatment for nonspecific dizziness, nonorganic headache, or anxiety for positive family history of stroke at the Bundang Medical Center in South Korea. Polymorphisms in PAI-1 were identified by polymerase chain reaction\/restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis using genomic DNA. Specifically, three variations (\u2212675 4G&gt;5G, 10692T&gt;C, and 12068G&gt;A) were linked to a higher overall prevalence of stroke as well as a higher prevalence of certain stroke subtypes. Haplotype analyses also revealed combinations of these variations (\u2212844G&gt;A, \u2212675 4G&gt;5G, 43G&gt;A, 9785A&gt;G, 10692T&gt;C, 11053T&gt;G, and 12068G&gt;A) that were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of ischemic stroke. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first strong evidence that polymorphic sites in PAI-1 promoter and 3\u2032-UTR regions are associated with higher ischemic stroke risk. Furthermore, the PAI-1 genotypes and haplotypes identified here have potential as clinical biomarkers of ischemic stroke and could improve the prognosis and future management of stroke patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24098041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T10:51:52Z","timestamp":1682679112000},"page":"8041","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Association between PAI-1 Polymorphisms and Ischemic Stroke in a South Korean Case-Control Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Gun Ho","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Hwan","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158 Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui Jeong","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"College of Life Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7 Jukheon-gil, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han Sung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong Yong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun Ju","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Hun","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7333-0647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ok Joon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0541-3528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nam Keun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.16.181636","article-title":"Stroke: A global response is needed","volume":"94","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull. 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