{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T22:36:38Z","timestamp":1773527798094,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Romanian Ministry of Education and Research","award":["PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2019-1288"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2019-1288"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The topical administration of medicines is the preferred route in ocular therapy, at least for the anterior segment of the eye. However, the eye\u2019s inherent functional and biological barriers all work against the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) to efficiently reach the targeted retinal structures. The main objective of this article is to offer a systematic review of the scientific literature in recent years, focusing on the latest developments of topical treatment intended for retinal degenerative diseases. Database search returned 102 clinical studies, focused on topical treatment for age macular degeneration, macular edemas (in diabetic retinopathy, surgery related or in retinal dystrophies) or glaucoma. After the exclusion of low-powered studies and those combining vitreo-retinal surgery, 35 articles remained for analysis. Currently, the topical treatment of retinal degenerative diseases is limited by the difficulty to deliver effective drug concentrations to the posterior eye structures. However, in the case of drug classes like NSAIDs, the presence of certain molecular and metabolic features for specific representatives makes the topical administration currently feasible in several clinical contexts. For other drug classes, either a fine-tuning of the API\u2019s pharmacokinetic profile or the use of more advanced formulation strategies, such as rationally designed nanostructured drugs and vehicles, crystalline polymorphs or supramolecular complexes, could bring the much awaited breakthrough for a more predictable and controlled delivery towards the retinal structures and could eventually be employed in the future for the development of more effective ways of delivering drugs to the posterior eye, with the ultimate goal of improving their clinical efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24098045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T10:51:52Z","timestamp":1682679112000},"page":"8045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Topical Treatment for Retinal Degenerative Pathologies: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"L\u0103cr\u0103mioara","family":"Samoil\u0103","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine & Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4505-4005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliviu","family":"Vo\u0219tinaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Physiopathology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine & Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Dinte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine & Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7323-7293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreea Elena","family":"Bodoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7956-1251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan-Cezar","family":"Iacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine & Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4667-2286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ede","family":"Bodoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine & Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7357-0512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ovidiu","family":"Samoil\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine & Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H.M., and Woo, S.J. 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