{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:55:19Z","timestamp":1792446919965,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":171,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DK129241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DK129241"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK126662"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK126662"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI\u2212AKI) is manifested by an abrupt decline in kidney function as a consequence of intravascular exposure to contrast media. With the increased applicability of medical imaging and interventional procedures that utilize contrast media for clinical diagnosis, CI\u2212AKI is becoming the leading cause of renal dysfunction. The pathophysiological mechanism associated with CI\u2212AKI involves renal medullary hypoxia, the direct toxicity of contrast agents, oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and epigenetic regulation. To date, there is no effective therapy for CI\u2212AKI, except for the development of strategies that could reduce the toxicity profiles of contrast media. While most of these strategies have failed, evidence has shown that the proper use of personalized hydration, contrast medium, and high-dose statins may reduce the occurrence of CI\u2212AKI. However, adequate risk predication and attempts to develop preventive strategies can be considered as the key determinants that can help eliminate CI\u2212AKI. Additionally, a deeper understanding of the pathophysiological mechanism of CI\u2212AKI is crucial to uncover molecular targets for the prevention of CI\u2212AKI. This review has taken a step further to solidify the current known molecular mechanisms of CI\u2212AKI and elaborate the biomarkers that are used to detect early-stage CI\u2212AKI. On this foundation, this review will analyze the molecular targets relating to apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and epigenetics, and, thus, provide a strong rationale for therapeutic intervention in the prevention of CI\u2212AKI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24098254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T03:24:32Z","timestamp":1683257072000},"page":"8254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The Potential Biotherapeutic Targets of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Alice Shasha","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaogang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00284-z","article-title":"Acute kidney injury","volume":"7","author":"Kellum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-021-00411-9","article-title":"Phenotypic diversity and metabolic specialization of renal endothelial cells","volume":"17","author":"Dumas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c179","DOI":"10.1159\/000339789","article-title":"KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for acute kidney injury","volume":"120","author":"Khwaja","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephron Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-018-0052-0","article-title":"Global epidemiology and outcomes of acute kidney injury","volume":"14","author":"Hoste","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2017.12.007","article-title":"Abrupt decline in kidney function precipitating initiation of chronic renal replacement therapy","volume":"3","author":"Kovesdy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1478-z","article-title":"Acute kidney injury 2016: Diagnosis and diagnostic workup","volume":"20","author":"Ostermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c110041","article-title":"Pathophysiology of acute kidney injury","volume":"2","author":"Basile","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c120010","article-title":"Renal ammonia metabolism and transport","volume":"3","author":"Weiner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014030262","article-title":"Regulated cell death in AKI","volume":"25","author":"Linkermann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2018.627-635","article-title":"The crucial roles of inflammatory mediators in inflammation: A review","volume":"11","author":"Abdulkhaleq","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F145","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00164.2016","article-title":"The proximal tubule is the primary target of injury and progression of kidney disease: Role of the glomerulotubular junction","volume":"311","author":"Chevalier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606622","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.606622","article-title":"Role of damage-associated molecular patterns in septic acute kidney injury, from injury to recovery","volume":"12","author":"Ludes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-016-0935-8","article-title":"Incidence of persistent renal dysfunction after contrast enhanced coronary CT angiography in patients with suspected coronary artery disease","volume":"32","author":"Maaniitty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"e14842","article-title":"Contrast-induced nephropathy: A review of mechanisms and risks","volume":"13","author":"Shams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2012.07.007","article-title":"Risk factors for contrast induced nephropathy: A study among Italian patients","volume":"64","author":"Evola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian Heart J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2011.12.6.714","article-title":"A comparison of the use of contrast media with different iodine concentrations for multidetector CT of the kidney","volume":"12","author":"Jung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Korean J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2011.05503.x","article-title":"Pathophysiology of renal tissue damage by iodinated contrast media","volume":"38","author":"Sendeski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"362725","article-title":"Acute kidney injury by radiographic contrast media: Pathogenesis and prevention","volume":"2014","author":"Andreucci","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2017.06.009","article-title":"Contrast-induced nephropathy: Basic concepts, pathophysiological implications and prevention strategies","volume":"180","author":"Mamoulakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, E., and Ko, G.-J. (2022). The Pathophysiology and the Management of Radiocontrast-Induced Nephropathy. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12010180"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756469","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/756469","article-title":"Contrast-induced nephropathy in aged critically ill patients","volume":"2014","author":"Palli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101254","article-title":"PINK1-parkin pathway of mitophagy protects against contrast-induced acute kidney injury via decreasing mitochondrial ROS and NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"26","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6668887","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6668887","article-title":"Melatonin alleviates contrast-induced acute kidney injury by activation of Sirt3","volume":"2021","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2019.09.027","article-title":"Inhibition of xanthine oxidoreductase protects against contrast-induced renal tubular injury by activating adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase","volume":"145","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0b013e32834d085a","article-title":"Role of medullary blood flow in the pathogenesis of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"21","author":"Regner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000368","article-title":"Contrast-induced nephropathy: Definition, epidemiology, and patients at risk","volume":"69","author":"Mehran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr494","article-title":"Contrast-induced kidney injury: Mechanisms, risk factors, and prevention","volume":"33","author":"Seeliger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.953851","article-title":"Contrast-induced acute kidney injury","volume":"122","author":"Solomon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"7","article-title":"Cytotoxicity effect of Cladribine on the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line","volume":"8","author":"Hashemi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Iran. Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.08-111005","article-title":"Life and death by death receptors","volume":"23","author":"Guicciardi","year":"2009","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230701320337","article-title":"Apoptosis: A review of programmed cell death","volume":"35","author":"Elmore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00059.x","article-title":"Radiographic contrast media\u2013induced tubular injury: Evaluation of oxidant stress and plasma membrane integrity","volume":"64","author":"Zager","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e155","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2011.38","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro assessment of pathways involved in contrast media-induced renal cells apoptosis","volume":"2","author":"Quintavalle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1593\/neo.04787","article-title":"Endothelin-1 inhibits apoptosis in prostate cancer","volume":"7","author":"Nelson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"22744","article-title":"Geniposide ameliorated sepsis-induced acute kidney injury by activating PPAR\u03b3","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-811X-12-6","article-title":"A p38MAPK\/MK2 signaling pathway leading to redox stress, cell death and ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"12","author":"Ashraf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, K.-C., Hsu, C.-C., Liu, S.-H., Su, C.-C., Yen, C.-C., Lee, M.-J., Chen, K.-L., Ho, T.-J., Hung, D.-Z., and Wu, C.-C. (2013). Cadmium induces apoptosis in pancreatic \u03b2-cells through a mitochondria-dependent pathway: The role of oxidative stress-mediated c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054374"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cobley, J.N., and Husi, H. (2020). Immunological techniques to assess protein thiol redox state: Opportunities, challenges and solutions. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9040315"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s13765-017-0285-9","article-title":"Crosstalk between reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory markers in developing various chronic diseases: A review","volume":"60","author":"Ranneh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612824666180110102341","article-title":"Chronic inflammatory diseases and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: Innocent bystanders or partners in crime?","volume":"24","author":"Hansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3295176","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3295176","article-title":"The mechanism of contrast-induced acute kidney injury and its association with diabetes mellitus","volume":"2020","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contrast Media Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0000000000000625","article-title":"New evidence on the role of inflammation in CVD risk","volume":"34","author":"Lorenzatti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1592","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00471.2012","article-title":"Iodinated contrast media cause endothelial damage leading to vasoconstriction of human and rat vasa recta","volume":"303","author":"Sendeski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"417","article-title":"Oxidative stress and kidney injury in trans-radial catheterization","volume":"8","author":"Tsarouhas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"27","article-title":"Oxidative stress and inflammation in the development of cardiovascular disease and contrast induced nephropathy","volume":"4","author":"Raja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vessel Plus"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02070606","article-title":"Defining acute renal failure: RIFLE and beyond","volume":"1","author":"Vanholder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3046","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2005030236","article-title":"Urine IL-18 is an early diagnostic marker for acute kidney injury and predicts mortality in the intensive care unit","volume":"16","author":"Parikh","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1515\/jtim-2016-0035","article-title":"The biomarkers for acute kidney injury: A clear road ahead?","volume":"4","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Transl. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.48.113006.094615","article-title":"Biomarkers of acute kidney injury","volume":"48","author":"Vaidya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00740110","article-title":"Urinary biomarkers in the clinical prognosis and early detection of acute kidney injury","volume":"5","author":"Koyner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.09.033","article-title":"Renal tubule injury: A driving force toward chronic kidney disease","volume":"93","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gft510","article-title":"A basic science view of acute kidney injury biomarkers","volume":"29","author":"Charlton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.04.007","article-title":"Contrast-induced nephropathy in an animal model: Evaluation of novel biomarkers in blood and tissue samples","volume":"6","author":"Mamoulakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mod.2007.12.003","article-title":"Semaphorin3a inhibits ureteric bud branching morphogenesis","volume":"125","author":"Tufro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mech. Dev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(03)00157-1","article-title":"In vivo studies of liver-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) gene expression in liver of transgenic zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"538","author":"Her","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.45294","article-title":"Novel biomarkers for post-contrast acute kidney injury identified from long non-coding RNA expression profiles","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879509","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/879509","article-title":"Midkine: A novel and early biomarker of contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions","volume":"2015","author":"Malyszko","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-07-1006","article-title":"Valuable markers for contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization","volume":"72","author":"Kato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1177\/147323001103900234","article-title":"Assessment of urinary N-acetyl-\u03b2-glucosaminidase as an early marker of contrast-induced nephropathy","volume":"39","author":"Ren","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Int. Med Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-2870.128974","article-title":"Kidney injury molecule-1: A urinary biomarker for contrast-induced acute kidney injury","volume":"7","author":"Vijayasimha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. J. Dr. DY Patil Univ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-007-0601-4","article-title":"NGAL is an early predictive biomarker of contrast-induced nephropathy in children","volume":"22","author":"Hirsch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c176","DOI":"10.1159\/000117814","article-title":"Urinary IL-18 and NGAL as early predictive biomarkers in contrast-induced nephropathy after coronary angiography","volume":"108","author":"Ling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephron Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.5152","article-title":"Incidence of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in Patients With Multiple Myeloma Undergoing Contrast-Enhanced CT","volume":"196","author":"Pahade","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1177\/0003319710377078","article-title":"Does oral N-acetylcysteine reduce contrast-induced renal injury in patients with peripheral arterial disease undergoing peripheral angiography? A randomized-controlled study","volume":"62","author":"Sadat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021833","article-title":"Nephrotoxic effects in high-risk patients undergoing angiography","volume":"348","author":"Aspelin","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2006.11.017","article-title":"Carbon dioxide digital subtraction angiography\u2013assisted endovascular aortic aneurysm repair in the azotemic patient","volume":"45","author":"Chao","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1805256","article-title":"Contrast-associated acute kidney injury","volume":"380","author":"Mehran","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.04.105","article-title":"Early high-dose rosuvastatin for contrast-induced nephropathy prevention in acute coronary syndrome: Results from the PRATO-ACS Study (Protective Effect of Rosuvastatin and Antiplatelet Therapy on contrast-induced acute kidney injury and myocardial damage in patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome)","volume":"63","author":"Leoncini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3008","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.103317","article-title":"Impact of a high loading dose of atorvastatin on contrast-induced acute kidney injury","volume":"126","author":"Quintavalle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.096370","article-title":"Ischemic preconditioning for prevention of contrast medium\u2013induced nephropathy: Randomized pilot RenPro Trial (Renal Protection Trial)","volume":"126","author":"Er","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e536","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.147587","article-title":"Response to Letter Regarding Article,\u201cIschemic Preconditioning for Prevention of Contrast Medium\u2013Induced Nephropathy: Randomized Pilot RenPro-Trial (Renal Protection Trial)\u201d","volume":"127","author":"Er","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00377.x","article-title":"Pathophysiology of contrast medium\u2013induced nephropathy","volume":"68","author":"Persson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20190455","article-title":"DDAH-2 alleviates contrast medium iopromide-induced acute kidney injury through nitric oxide synthase","volume":"133","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0b013e3283653f41","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies to prevent contrast-induced acute kidney injury","volume":"28","author":"Quintavalle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"911","article-title":"Radiocontrast-induced DNA fragmentation of renal tubular cells in vitro: Role of hypertonicity","volume":"13","author":"Hizoh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. Off. Publ. Eur. Dial. Transpl. Assoc.-Eur. Ren. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118379","article-title":"Advances in the pathogenesis and prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy","volume":"259","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a008656","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a008656","article-title":"Caspase functions in cell death and disease","volume":"5","author":"McIlwain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.05.099","article-title":"Contrast-induced acute kidney injury","volume":"68","author":"McCullough","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1177\/019262339902700406","article-title":"Contrast medium-and mannitol-induced apoptosis in heart and kidney of SHR rats","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehn197","article-title":"Contrast agents and renal cell apoptosis","volume":"29","author":"Romano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/35048069","article-title":"Breaking the mitochondrial barrier","volume":"2","author":"Martinou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2308","article-title":"The BCL-2 protein family: Opposing activities that mediate cell death","volume":"9","author":"Youle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5381.1322","article-title":"The Bcl-2 protein family: Arbiters of cell survival","volume":"281","author":"Adams","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059108","article-title":"Proapoptotic BAX and BAK: A requisite gateway to mitochondrial dysfunction and death","volume":"292","author":"Wei","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3401","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1202590","article-title":"Role of hypoxia-induced Bax translocation and cytochrome c release in reoxygenation injury","volume":"17","author":"Saikumar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092734","article-title":"Direct activation of Bax by p53 mediates mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and apoptosis","volume":"303","author":"Chipuk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00015-13","article-title":"Nucleophosmin, a critical Bax cofactor in ischemia-induced cell death","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaara, S.T., Lakkisto, P., Immonen, K., Tikkanen, I., Ala-Kokko, T., Pettil\u00e4, V., and Group, F.S. (2016). Urinary biomarkers indicative of apoptosis and acute kidney injury in the critically ill. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149956"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2010.12.030","article-title":"Increased total cytokeratin-18 serum and urine levels in chronic kidney disease","volume":"412","author":"Roth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.Y., Barua, S., Huang, M.Y., Park, J., Yenari, M.A., and Lee, J.E. (2020). Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) induction: Chaperonotherapy for neuroprotection after brain injury. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9092020"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201000105","article-title":"Hsp72 is an early and sensitive biomarker to detect acute kidney injury","volume":"3","author":"Gamba","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s11523-020-00717-x","article-title":"MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as new tools for cancer therapy: First steps from bench to bedside","volume":"15","author":"Ratti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Target. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7974","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867328666210526125023","article-title":"miR-30e-5p regulates autophagy and apoptosis by targeting Beclin1 involved in contrast-induced acute kidney injury","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/593956","article-title":"MicroRNAs in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"2014","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.4161\/rna.8.5.16153","article-title":"MicroRNA-30c promotes human adipocyte differentiation and co-represses PAI-1 and ALK2","volume":"8","author":"Karbiener","year":"2011","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6757","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.7426","article-title":"miR-21 attenuates contrast-induced renal cell apoptosis by targeting PDCD4","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"3543","article-title":"MicroRNA-21-5p targeting PDCD4 suppresses apoptosis via regulating the PI3K\/AKT\/FOXO1 signaling pathway in tongue squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7039","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-022-07620-w","article-title":"Recent findings on the role of microRNAs in genetic kidney diseases","volume":"49","author":"Askari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F3","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00122.2013","article-title":"Pathogenic and protective role of macrophages in kidney disease","volume":"305","author":"Cao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2014.170","article-title":"Dendritic cells and macrophages in the kidney: A spectrum of good and evil","volume":"10","author":"Rogers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.5149","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species in inflammation and tissue injury","volume":"20","author":"Mittal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3358","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300342","article-title":"Resident renal mononuclear phagocytes comprise five discrete populations with distinct phenotypes and functions","volume":"191","author":"Kawakami","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2016.14","article-title":"NLRP3 regulates a non-canonical platform for caspase-8 activation during epithelial cell apoptosis","volume":"23","author":"Chung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20388","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0908698106","article-title":"Necrotic cells trigger a sterile inflammatory response through the Nlrp3 inflammasome","volume":"106","author":"Iyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y.G., Kim, S.-M., Kim, K.-P., Lee, S.-H., and Moon, J.-Y. (2019). The role of inflammasome-dependent and inflammasome-independent NLRP3 in the kidney. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8111389"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2894","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI96640","article-title":"Renal immune surveillance and dipeptidase-1 contribute to contrast-induced acute kidney injury","volume":"128","author":"Lau","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119155","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4: An attractive therapeutic target for acute kidney injury","volume":"271","author":"Jha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI31008","article-title":"TLR4 activation mediates kidney ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"117","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2937","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2017.292","article-title":"Interleukin-22 ameliorated renal injury and fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy through inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1051\/bmdcn\/2018080101","article-title":"The molecular mechanism of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) and its link to in vitro studies on iodinated contrast media (CM)","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2020.1796967","article-title":"Cilastatin as a protective agent against drug-induced nephrotoxicity: A literature review","volume":"19","author":"Shayan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016060606","article-title":"Megalin blockade with cilastatin suppresses drug-induced nephrotoxicity","volume":"28","author":"Hori","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00441","article-title":"The Yin and Yang of alarmins in regulation of acute kidney injury","volume":"7","author":"Sabapathy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2015.05.011","article-title":"Angiotensin II-induced hypertensive renal inflammation is mediated through HMGB1-TLR4 signaling in rat tubulo-epithelial cells","volume":"335","author":"Nair","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.04.048","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota control acute kidney injury severity by immune modulation","volume":"98","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2017.1361838","article-title":"Atorvastatin attenuates experimental contrast-induced acute kidney injury: A role for TLR4\/MyD88 signaling pathway","volume":"39","author":"Yue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1008647","article-title":"The endogenous Toll\u2013like receptor 4 agonist S100A8\/S100A9 (calprotectin) as innate amplifier of infection, autoimmunity, and cancer","volume":"86","author":"Ehrchen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1159\/000480340","article-title":"Involvement of S100A8\/A9-TLR4-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in contrast-induced acute kidney injury","volume":"43","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2005.06.008","article-title":"The TIM gene family regulates autoimmune and allergic diseases","volume":"11","author":"Meyers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00601.x","article-title":"Hepatitis A virus receptor blocks cell differentiation and is overexpressed in clear cell renal cell carcinoma","volume":"65","author":"Kaplan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.03.025","article-title":"T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 deficiency eliminates airway hyperreactivity triggered by the recognition of airway cell death","volume":"132","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"1219","article-title":"Understanding kidney injury molecule 1: A novel immune factor in kidney pathophysiology","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013020161","article-title":"A bioinformatics approach identifies signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 and checkpoint kinase 1 as upstream regulators of kidney injury molecule-1 after kidney injury","volume":"25","author":"Ajay","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.117.244152","article-title":"Extracellular signal\u2013regulated kinase 1\/2 regulates mouse kidney injury molecule-1 expression physiologically and following ischemic and septic renal injury","volume":"363","author":"Collier","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201489838","article-title":"KIM-1-\/TIM-1-mediated phagocytosis links ATG 5-\/ULK 1-dependent clearance of apoptotic cells to antigen presentation","volume":"34","author":"Brooks","year":"2015","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-016-2700-7","article-title":"Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) mediates renal epithelial cell repair via ERK MAPK signaling pathway","volume":"416","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2022.2058558","article-title":"Quercetin improves contrast-induced acute kidney injury through the HIF-1\u03b1\/lncRNA NEAT1\/HMGB1 pathway","volume":"60","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_128","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Ni, Y.-H., Cao, G.-Y., Zhang, J.-Y., Yi, B.-J., Pang, Z.-H., Ma, H.-J., and Yin, K.-M. (2022). Chronic Intermittent Hypobaric Hypoxia Prevents Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury By Modulating The HIF-1\u03b1 Signaling Pathway. bioRxiv."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.07.036","article-title":"Quercetin attenuates cell apoptosis of oxidant-stressed SK-N-MC cells while suppressing up-regulation of the defensive element, HIF-1\u03b1","volume":"277","author":"Roshanzamir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2020.1792760","article-title":"LncRNA NEAT1 regulated inflammation and apoptosis in a rat model of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury via MiR-27a-3p\/TAB3 axis","volume":"84","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8019467","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8019467","article-title":"Depression of lncRNA NEAT1 antagonizes LPS-evoked acute injury and inflammatory response in alveolar epithelial cells via HMGB1-RAGE signaling","volume":"2020","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2021.12094","article-title":"Major signaling pathways and key mediators of macrophages in acute kidney injury","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-020-01334-0","article-title":"Aquaporin 1 alleviates acute kidney injury via PI3K-mediated macrophage M2 polarization","volume":"69","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2015.01.002","article-title":"Tnf-inhibition by infliximab as a new target for the prevention of glycerol-contrast-induced nephropathy","volume":"39","author":"Saritemur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.6.8.13793","article-title":"Autophagy: A target for retinoic acids","volume":"6","author":"Rajawat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1824","article-title":"Recognition of RNA virus by RIG-I results in activation of CARD9 and inflammasome signaling for interleukin 1\u03b2 production","volume":"11","author":"Poeck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014111108","article-title":"Retinoic acid signaling coordinates macrophage-dependent injury and repair after AKI","volume":"27","author":"Chiba","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F319","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00130.2017","article-title":"Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy by limb ischemic preconditioning: Underlying mechanisms and clinical effects","volume":"314","author":"Dugbartey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.5527\/wjn.v6.i3.86","article-title":"Contrast-induced acute kidney injury: A review of practical points","volume":"6","author":"Ozkok","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12910","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15999","article-title":"The endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response in kidney disease: Implications for vascular growth factors","volume":"24","author":"Ricciardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mric.2017.06.012","article-title":"Contrast-induced acute kidney injury: Pathophysiology, manifestations, prevention, and management","volume":"25","author":"Scharnweber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging Clin."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"BSR20180876","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20180876","article-title":"Rapamycin attenuates mitochondrial injury and renal tubular cell apoptosis in experimental contrast-induced acute kidney injury in rats","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2014.04.021","article-title":"Endothelin-1 and its role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases","volume":"118","author":"Freeman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, Y.A., and Park, C.W. (2021). Catalytic Antioxidants in the Kidney. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10010130"},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"424","article-title":"Effect of a recombinant manganese superoxide dismutase on prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury","volume":"18","author":"Pisani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2014.89","article-title":"NADPH oxidases: An overview from structure to innate immunity-associated pathologies","volume":"12","author":"Panday","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, B.Y., Lee, H.Y., Park, C.G., Kang, J., Yu, S.-L., Choi, D.-r., Han, S.-Y., Park, M.H., Cho, S., and Lee, S.Y. (2018). Oxidative stress caused by activation of NADPH oxidase 4 promotes contrast-induced acute kidney injury. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191034"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.110","article-title":"Epigenetic inheritance of disease and disease risk","volume":"38","author":"Bohacek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanemoto, F., and Mimura, I. (2022). Therapies targeting epigenetic alterations in acute kidney injury-to-chronic kidney disease transition. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15020123"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2133","article-title":"Anticancer activities of histone deacetylase inhibitors","volume":"5","author":"Bolden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"351","article-title":"Epigenetics in acute kidney injury","volume":"24","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.12521","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation in the acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease transition","volume":"20","author":"Berman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"246","article-title":"Acute kidney injury (AKI) biomarker","volume":"44","author":"Adiyanti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Med. Indones."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-020-00796-6","article-title":"The function and regulation of TET2 in innate immunity and inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Cong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15252","article-title":"Tet2 is required to resolve inflammation by recruiting Hdac2 to specifically repress IL-6","volume":"525","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag1381","article-title":"Clonal hematopoiesis associated with TET2 deficiency accelerates atherosclerosis development in mice","volume":"355","author":"Fuster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.07.032","article-title":"Restoration of TET2 function blocks aberrant self-renewal and leukemia progression","volume":"170","author":"Cimmino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_158","unstructured":"Bomsztyk, K., and Denisenko, O. (2013). Seminars in Nephrology, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.22128","article-title":"Histone acetyltransferases: Rising ancient counterparts to protein kinases","volume":"99","author":"Yuan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.09.017","article-title":"Histone acetyl transferase (HAT) HBO1 and JADE1 in epithelial cell regeneration","volume":"182","author":"Havasi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33676","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33676","article-title":"Silencing of histone deacetylase 9 expression in podocytes attenuates kidney injury in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, H.-C., Dai, W.-N., Liu, Z.-W., Liu, H., and He, L.-Y. (2022). HDAC9 promotes the susceptibility of diabetes to Contrast-induced acute kidney injury by regulating TXNIP\/Trx1 pathway. Res. Sq., preprint.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1564266\/v1"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2018.01.018","article-title":"Metformin regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and senescence through AMPK mediated H3K79 methylation: Relevance in age-associated vascular dysfunction","volume":"1864","author":"Karnewar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a013102","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a013102","article-title":"Mitochondrial metabolism, sirtuins, and aging","volume":"4","author":"Sack","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4657651","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4657651","article-title":"tert-Butylhydroquinone treatment alleviates contrast-induced nephropathy in rats by activating the Nrf2\/Sirt3\/SOD2 signaling pathway","volume":"2019","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08839","article-title":"Phosphorylation of histone H3T6 by PKC\u03b2I controls demethylation at histone H3K4","volume":"464","author":"Metzger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2014.12.013","article-title":"SUMOylation occurs in acute kidney injury and plays a cytoprotective role","volume":"1852","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.21975","article-title":"Histone phosphorylation: A chromatin modification involved in diverse nuclear events","volume":"7","author":"Rossetto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2013.04.005","article-title":"Sustained activation of EGFR triggers renal fibrogenesis after acute kidney injury","volume":"183","author":"Tang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16896","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53040-5","article-title":"Contrast induced acute kidney injury and its impact on mid-term kidney function, cardiovascular events and mortality","volume":"9","author":"Ribitsch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e030048","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030048","article-title":"Risk factors for contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI\u2212AKI): Protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/9\/8254\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:29:21Z","timestamp":1760124561000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/9\/8254"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]]},"references-count":171,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24098254"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24098254","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]]}}}