{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T13:24:47Z","timestamp":1780579487664,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"P\u00e4ivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation"},{"name":"Swedish Cultural Foundation in Finland"},{"name":"Folkh\u00e4lsan Research Foundation governed by HV"},{"name":"Pediatric Research Foundation"},{"name":"Helsinki University Hospital Research Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Altered commensal microbiota composition has been associated with pediatric type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), but the causal relationship is still unclear. To search for potential pre-diagnostic biomarkers for pediatric T1D or IBD, we compared microbiota in saliva samples in a nested case-control design comprising children developing T1D (nchildren = 52) or IBD (nchildren = 21) and controls with a similar age, sex, and residential area (nchildren = 79). The pre-diagnostic saliva microbiota alpha- and beta-diversity of children who would develop T1D (nsamples = 27) or IBD (nsamples = 14) minimally varied from that of controls. The relative abundances of Abiotrophia were higher, while those of Veillonella, Actinomyces, Megasphaera, Butyrivibrio, and Candidatus ancillula were lower in children who would develop T1D. Within 2 years before diagnosis, the metabolic PWY-5677 pathway (converting succinate into butyrate) was lower in pre-T1D samples than in controls (q = 0.034). No significant pre-IBD differences were found. In conclusion, saliva microbiota diversity or composition were not successful predictors for pediatric T1D nor IBD. Intriguingly, the succinate fermentation pathway was predicted to be lowered before the onset of T1D. Thus, investigating functional pathways might provide a better approach in searching for biomarkers for autoimmune disease in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24098279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T04:55:50Z","timestamp":1683262550000},"page":"8279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Pre-Diagnostic Saliva Microbiota of School-Aged Children Who Developed Type 1 Diabetes or Inflammatory Bowel Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"R\u00e4is\u00e4nen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology (MET), Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland"},{"name":"Folkh\u00e4lsan Research Center, 00250 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9482-3440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nitin","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Folkh\u00e4lsan Research Center, 00250 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binu","family":"Mathew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Folkh\u00e4lsan Research Center, 00250 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohvi","family":"K\u00e4\u00e4ri\u00e4inen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9170-8415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaija-Leena","family":"Kolho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology (MET), Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital (HUS), 00290 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7486-3437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heli","family":"Viljakainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Folkh\u00e4lsan Research Center, 00250 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-03987-3","article-title":"Perinatal risk factors for pediatric onset type 1 diabetes, autoimmune thyroiditis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"180","author":"Viljakainen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. 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