{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T12:05:55Z","timestamp":1781525155464,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["82271134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271134"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["81770986"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81770986"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["82071017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071017"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["2042020kf1044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2042020kf1044"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["82271134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271134"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["81770986"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81770986"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["82071017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071017"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2042020kf1044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2042020kf1044"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) has long been considered a benign, chronic inflammatory, and hyperplastic disease. Recent studies have shown that autoimmune-related mechanisms are involved in the pathology of nasal polyps. Activated plasma cells, eosinophils, basophils, innate type 2 lymphocytes, mast cells, and proinflammatory cytokine in polyp tissue indicate the mobilization of innate and adaptive immune pathways during polyp formation. The discovery of a series of autoantibodies further supports the autoimmune nature of nasal polyps. Local homeostasis dysregulation, infection, and chronic inflammation may trigger autoimmunity through several mechanisms, including autoantigens overproduction, microbial translocation, molecular mimicry, superantigens, activation or inhibition of receptors, bystander activation, dysregulation of Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs), epitope spreading, autoantigens complementarity. In this paper, we elaborated on the microbiome-mediated mechanism, abnormal host immunity, and genetic changes to update the role of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24098444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]],"date-time":"2023-05-09T02:28:08Z","timestamp":1683599288000},"page":"8444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Autoimmunity: A New Focus on Nasal Polyps"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jingyu","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7751-6345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China"},{"name":"Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12395","article-title":"Human autoimmune diseases: A comprehensive update","volume":"278","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20160017","article-title":"The immune system","volume":"60","author":"Nicholson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Essays Biochem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591255","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.591255","article-title":"Oral Dysbiosis and Autoimmunity: From Local Periodontal Responses to an Imbalanced Systemic Immunity. A Review","volume":"11","author":"Arboleda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-052016-100401","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyposis","volume":"12","author":"Schleimer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.03.040","article-title":"The quest for autoreactive antibodies in nasal polyps","volume":"138","author":"Calus","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.08.037","article-title":"Evidence for intranasal antinuclear autoantibodies in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"128","author":"Tan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.03.002","article-title":"Pathogenic and protective roles of B cells and antibodies in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"141","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.11.015","article-title":"Classical complement pathway activation in the nasal tissue of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"140","author":"Vanison","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24016","article-title":"A role for anti-BP180 autoantibodies in chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"123","author":"Jeffe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1159\/000484602","article-title":"Focus on the Involvement of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses in Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss Syndrome): Nasal Cytology Reveals Infiltration of Eosinophils as a Very Common Feature","volume":"175","author":"Seccia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.11757","article-title":"Proteinase 3 associated with Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis","volume":"46","author":"Goldmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2015.36.3880","article-title":"Anticytokine autoantibodies in chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"36","author":"Tsybikov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.14120","article-title":"Anti-phospholipid antibodies are elevated and functionally active in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"52","author":"Eide","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-016-0441-5","article-title":"Perip7lakin is a target for autoimmunity in asthma","volume":"17","author":"Estellat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06230614","article-title":"Molecules Great and Small: The Complement System","volume":"10","author":"Mathern","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2017.04.009","article-title":"A case of refractory chronic rhinosinusitis with anti-desmoglein 3 IgG4 autoantibody","volume":"66","author":"Ota","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergol. Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.2500\/ar.2016.7.0149","article-title":"Heat shock protein 70 and anti-heat shock protein 70 antibodies in nasal secretions of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"7","author":"Tsybikov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"a7294","article-title":"Microbiota and autoimmunity","volume":"5","author":"Chervonsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"CSH Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2019.04.018","article-title":"Autoimmunity in microbiome-mediated diseases and novel therapeutic approaches","volume":"49","author":"Shin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12374","article-title":"Decreased diversity of nasal microbiota and their secreted extracellular vesicles in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis based on a metagenomic analysis","volume":"69","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13632","article-title":"Bacterial community collapse: A meta-analysis of the sinonasal microbiota in chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"19","author":"Wagner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-017-0726-x","article-title":"Therapy of Sinonasal Microbiome in CRS: A Critical Approach","volume":"17","author":"Psaltis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boase, S., Foreman, A., Cleland, E., Tan, L., Melton-Kreft, R., Pant, H., Hu, F.Z., Ehrlich, G.D., and Wormald, P.J. (2013). The microbiome of chronic rhinosinusitis: Culture, molecular diagnostics and biofilm detection. BMC Infect. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-210"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"134","article-title":"The nasal microbiota in health and disease: Variation within and between subjects","volume":"19","author":"Biswas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2016.30.4261","article-title":"The bacterial microbiome in chronic rhinosinusitis: Richness, diversity, postoperative changes, and patient outcomes","volume":"30","author":"Cleland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7926","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26327-2","article-title":"Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps is characterized by dysbacteriosis of the nasal microbiota","volume":"8","author":"Chalermwatanachai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1053\/jhin.1999.0680","article-title":"Bacterial interference among nasal inhabitants: Eradication of Staphylococcus aureus from nasal cavities by artificial implantation of Corynebacterium sp.","volume":"44","author":"Uehara","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09074","article-title":"Staphylococcus epidermidis Esp inhibits Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation and nasal colonization","volume":"7296","author":"Iwase","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.07.013","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus colonization and IgE antibody formation to enterotoxins is increased in nasal polyposis","volume":"114","author":"Gevaert","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-019-0853-7","article-title":"The Role of Staphylococcus aureus in Patients with Chronic Sinusitis and Nasal Polyposis","volume":"19","author":"Vickery","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E339","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27175","article-title":"In Vivo Biofilm Formation, Gram-Negative Infections and TAS2R38 Polymorphisms in CRSw NP Patients","volume":"10","author":"Cantone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"2051","article-title":"Antibiofilm effects of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and levofloxacin in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis","volume":"8","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.08.021","article-title":"Allergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis: The Role and Expectations of Biologics","volume":"12","author":"Luong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.09.044","article-title":"Bridging nanoplatform and vaccine delivery, a landscape of strategy to enhance nasal immunity","volume":"351","author":"Teng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.04.036","article-title":"Mannosylated protamine as a novel DNA vaccine carrier for effective induction of anti-tumor immune responses","volume":"506","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-012-0004-z","article-title":"Establishment of nasal tolerance to heat shock protein-60 alleviates atherosclerosis by inducing TGF-\u03b2-dependent regulatory T cells","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Huazhong Univ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-015-0133-2","article-title":"The administration of intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccine induces changes in the nasal microbiota and nasal epithelium gene expression profiles","volume":"3","author":"Tarabichi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10814-9","article-title":"Interaction between the nasal microbiota and S. pneumoniae in the context of live-attenuated influenza vaccine","volume":"10","author":"Jochems","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"e159821","article-title":"Oral Bacteria Combined with an Intranasal Vaccine Protect from Influenza A Virus and SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"4","author":"Nagai","year":"2021","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salk, H.M., Simon, W.L., Lambert, N.D., Kennedy, R.B., Grill, D.E., Kabat, B.F., and Poland, G.A. (2016). Taxa of the Nasal Microbiome Are Associated with Influenza-Specific IgA Response to Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162803"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.07.020","article-title":"Mucosally administered Lactobacillus surface-displayed influenza antigens (sM2 and HA2) with cholera toxin subunit A1 (CTA1) Induce broadly protective immune esponses against divergent influenza subtypes","volume":"3\u20134","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chowdhury, M.Y., Li, R., Kim, J.H., Park, M.E., Kim, T.H., Pathinayake, P., Weeratunga, P., Song, M.K., Son, H.Y., and Hong, S.P. (2014). Mucosal vaccination with recombinant Lactobacillus casei-displayed CTA1-conjugated consensus matrix protein-2 (sM2) induces broad protection against divergent influenza subtypes in BALB\/c mice. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094051"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22954","article-title":"Health-care utilization for sinusitis after pneumococcal vaccination in patients with low antibody titers","volume":"8","author":"Bareiss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152656719900338","DOI":"10.1177\/2152656719900338","article-title":"Low Baseline Pneumococcal Antibody Titers Predict Specific Antibody Deficiency, Increased Upper Respiratory Infections, and Allergy Sensitization","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2017.03.009","article-title":"Integration of microbiome and epigenome to decipher the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases","volume":"83","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"783","article-title":"Interaction between extracellular matrix molecules and microbial pathogens: Evidence for the missing link in autoimmunity with rheumatoid arthritis as a disease model","volume":"5","author":"Sofat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0612267","article-title":"Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases: Key mediators of leukocyte function","volume":"94","author":"Marco","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3109\/10409238.2010.501783","article-title":"Intracellular substrate cleavage: A novel dimension in the biochemistry, biology and pathology of matrix metalloproteinases","volume":"45","author":"Cauwe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2016-0325OC","article-title":"Potential Involvement of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Ligand Epiregulin and Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 in Pathogenesis of Chronic Rhinosinusitis","volume":"57","author":"Homma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"615","article-title":"Distribution of matrix metalloproteinases MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-8 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-2 in nasal polyposis and chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"26","author":"Eyibilen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.08.096","article-title":"Infection with Staphylococcus aureus elicits COX-2\/PGE(2)\/IL-6\/MMP-9-dependent aorta inflammation via the inhibition of intracellular ROS production","volume":"107","author":"Tsai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12059","DOI":"10.1002\/clt2.12059","article-title":"Involvement of the extracellular matrix proteins periostin and tenascin C in nasal polyp remodeling by regulating the expression of MMPs","volume":"11","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2017-0415OC","article-title":"Sirtuin-1 Controls Poly (I:C)-Dependent Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Activation in Primary Human Nasal Epithelial Cells","volume":"59","author":"Suzuki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13408","article-title":"LL-37 promotes neutrophil extracellular trap formation in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"7","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4227","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao4227","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps produced during inflammation awaken dormant cancer cells in mice","volume":"361","author":"Albrengues","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000404","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00404-2020","article-title":"Cigarette smoke-initiated autoimmunity facilitates sensitisation to elastin-induced COPD-like pathologies in mice","volume":"56","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, C.Y., Yang, H.Y., and Lai, J.H. (2020). Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Biological Effects and Mechanisms of Immunopathogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21114015"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2016.03.010","article-title":"B cell depletion with rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Multiplex bead array reveals the kinetics of IgG and IgA antibodies to citrullinated antigens","volume":"70","author":"Cambridge","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-201559","article-title":"Recognition of citrullinated and carbamylated proteins by human antibodies: Specificity, cross-reactivity and the \u2018AMC-Senshu\u2019 method","volume":"72","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, J., Jeong, S.H., Lee, K., Park, N., Jung, H., Lee, K., and Ju, J.H. (2020). Exacerbation of symptomatic arthritis by cigarette smoke in experimental arthritis. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230719"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12651","article-title":"2-Chloroacetamidine, a novel immunomodulator, suppresses antigen-induced mouse airway inflammation","volume":"70","author":"Maezawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuv013","article-title":"The dormant blood microbiome in chronic, inflammatory diseases","volume":"39","author":"Potgieter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fems. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ceccarelli, F., Perricone, C., Olivieri, G., Cipriano, E., Spinelli, F.R., Valesini, G., and Conti, F. (2019). Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage and Autoimmune Diseases: From Pathogenic Mechanisms to Disease Susceptibility and Phenotype. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20225624"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01354","article-title":"Intracellular Survival of Staphylococcus aureus in Endothelial Cells: A Matter of Growth or Persistence","volume":"8","author":"Rollin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-2442.113871","article-title":"Immuno-histochemistry analysis of Helicobacter pylori antigen in renal biopsy specimens from patients with glomerulonephritis","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Saudi J. Kidney Dis. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0646-1","article-title":"Systemic translocation of Staphylococcus drives autoantibody production in HIV disease","volume":"7","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27454","article-title":"Loss of Microbial Niche Specificity Between the Upper and Lower Airways in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis","volume":"129","author":"Pletcher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1201097","article-title":"Chronic exposure to staphylococcal superantigen elicits a systemic inflammatory disease mimicking lupus","volume":"189","author":"Chowdhary","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.012","article-title":"Molecular mimicry and autoimmunity","volume":"95","author":"Rojas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.4161\/self.1.4.13315","article-title":"No human protein is exempt from bacterial motifs, not even one","volume":"1","author":"Trost","year":"2010","journal-title":"Self\/Nonself"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koga, M., Gilbert, M., Li, J., and Yuki, N. (2015). Complex of GM1- and GD1a-like lipo-oligosaccharide mimics GM1b, inducing anti-GM1b antibodies. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124004"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e328346c332","article-title":"Bacterial infections in Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis: Mechanisms potentially involved in autoimmune pathogenesis","volume":"23","author":"Tadema","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"51","article-title":"Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and endonasal activity in Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis as compared to rheumatoid arthritis and chronic Rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"28","author":"Laudien","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2932","DOI":"10.1039\/c3mb70307j","article-title":"Mycobacterial Hsp65 potentially cross-reacts with autoantibodies of diabetes sera and also induces (in vitro) cytokine responses relevant to diabetes mellitus","volume":"9","author":"Rani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biosyst."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00203","article-title":"Modulation of Adjuvant Arthritis by Cellular and Humoral Immunity to Hsp65","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s12192-011-0278-2","article-title":"Increased heat shock protein 70 levels in induced sputum and plasma correlate with severity of asthma patients","volume":"16","author":"Hou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Stress Chaperon."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21905","article-title":"T-helper 2 cytokine-induced heat shock protein 70 secretion and its potential association with allergic rhinitis","volume":"7","author":"Min","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1159\/000108133","article-title":"Immunoglobulin-E-mediated reactivity to self antigens: A controversial issue","volume":"145","author":"Zeller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2008.01777.x","article-title":"Auto- and cross-reactivity to thioredoxin allergens in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"63","author":"Glaser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.03.006","article-title":"Streptococcal pharyngitis and rheumatic heart disease: The superantigen hypothesis revisited","volume":"61","author":"Hurst","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4871","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.189068","article-title":"The T cell receptor beta-chain second complementarity determining region loop (CDR2beta governs T cell activation and Vbeta specificity by bacterial superantigens","volume":"286","author":"Bonsor","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(01)00113-3","article-title":"Superantigen recognition by gammadelta T cells: EA recognition site for human Vgamma2 T cell receptors","volume":"14","author":"Morita","year":"2001","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaler, C.R., Choi, J., Rudak, P.T., Memarnejadian, A., Szabo, P.A., Tun-Abraham, M.E., Rossjohn, J., Corbett, A.J., McCluskey, J., and McCormick, J.K. (2017). MAIT cells launch a rapid, robust and distinct hyperinflammatory response to bacterial superantigens and quickly acquire an anergic phenotype that impedes their cognate antimicrobial function: Defining a novel mechanism of superantigen-induced immunopathology and immunosuppression. PLoS Biol., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2001930"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2011.90","article-title":"CD1d-independent activation of mouse and human iNKT cells by bacterial superantigens","volume":"90","author":"Hayworth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2015.0017","article-title":"Possible Role of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B in the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2019.07.008","article-title":"Staphylococcus Aureus in chronic airway diseases: An overview","volume":"155","author":"Flora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-014-8539-7","article-title":"Staphylococcal superantigens interact with multiple host receptors to cause serious diseases","volume":"59","author":"Stach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1710-1492-9-48","article-title":"Staphylococcal enterotoxin B influences the DNA methylation pattern in nasal polyp tissue: A preliminary study","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.06.013","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus internalization in mast cells in nasal polyps: Characterization of interactions and potential mechanisms","volume":"145","author":"Hayes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12054","article-title":"Local receptor revision and class switching to IgE in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"68","author":"Gevaert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2007.12.004","article-title":"Ectopic lymphoid tissues and local immunity","volume":"20","author":"Carragher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.12.915","article-title":"Superantigen-related TH2 CD4+ T cells in nonasthmatic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"145","author":"Rha","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immun."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-016-1079-x","article-title":"Association between Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and disease phenotype in patients affected by systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"18","author":"Conti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4882","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12820-3","article-title":"Dormant pathogenic CD4+ T cells are prevalent in the peripheral repertoire of healthy mice","volume":"10","author":"Cebula","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2020.06.001","article-title":"Inhibitory receptor agonists: The future of autoimmune disease therapeutics?","volume":"67","author":"Grebinoski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11823","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0505497102","article-title":"Establishment of NOD-Pdcd1\u2212\/\u2212 mice as an efficient animal model of type I diabetes","volume":"102","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3493","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100714","article-title":"Cutting edge: Accelerated autoimmune diabetes in the absence of LAG-3","volume":"187","author":"Bettini","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.3.427","article-title":"Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) regulates the unfolding of autoimmune diabetes","volume":"187","author":"Allison","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.07.002","article-title":"CTLA-4 and autoimmunity: New insights into the dual regulator of tolerance","volume":"12","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad1329","article-title":"Anticancer immunotherapy by CTLA-4 blockade relies on the gut microbiota","volume":"350","author":"Pitt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc3421","article-title":"Microbiome-derived inosine modulates response to checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy","volume":"369","author":"Mager","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-020-2138-x","article-title":"Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4-Ig (CTLA-4-Ig) suppresses Staphylococcus aureus-induced CD80, CD86, and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in human B cells","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"139","article-title":"Characterization of T-cell subpopulations in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis","volume":"3","author":"Ickrath","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabg6356","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abg6356","article-title":"Single-cell analysis pinpoints distinct populations of cytotoxic CD4+ T cells and an IL-10+CD109+ TH2 cell population in nasal polyps","volume":"6","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez228","article-title":"PD-1+CXCR5\u2212CD4+T cells are correlated with the severity of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"58","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13136","article-title":"Programmed cell death-1 expression correlates with disease severity and IL-5 in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"72","author":"Kortekaas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.06.023","article-title":"Extrafollicular PD-1highCXCR5\u2212CD4+ T cells participate in local immunoglobulin production in nasal polyps","volume":"149","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.11.003","article-title":"Immune checkpoint skewing might be the cause of continuous immune activation in nasal polyps: New opportunities for therapies","volume":"149","author":"KleinJan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2017.10.003","article-title":"PD-1hiCXCR5\u2212CD4+ TFH Cells Play Defense in Cancer and Offense in Arthritis","volume":"38","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.06.012","article-title":"Bystander activation and autoimmunity","volume":"103","author":"Pacheco","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3974","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20679","article-title":"Development of autoimmune arthritis with aging via bystander T cell activation in the mouse model of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"50","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2014.07.018","article-title":"Der p 2 can induce bystander activation of B cells derived from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"219","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930500484799","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and virus induced immune responses: Autoimmunity can be primed by molecular mimicry and augmented by bystander activation","volume":"39","author":"McCoy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2006.03.011","article-title":"By-stander activation in autoimmune thyroiditis: Studies on experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in the GFP+ fluorescent mouse","volume":"121","author":"Arata","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R36","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2390","article-title":"Resting CD4+ effector memory T cells are precursors of bystander-activated effectors: A surrogate model of rheumatoid arthritis synovial T-cell function","volume":"10","author":"Brennan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2011.03476.x","article-title":"IL-6 induced by Staphylococcus aureus infection prevents the induction of skin allograft acceptance in mice","volume":"11","author":"Ahmed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-015-8473-z","article-title":"Toll-Like Receptor Pathways in Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20051696","article-title":"Immune stimulation mediated by autoantigen binding sites within small nuclear RNAs involves Toll-like receptors 7 and 8","volume":"202","author":"Vollmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06116","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells sense self-DNA coupled with antimicrobial peptide","volume":"449","author":"Lande","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.086421","article-title":"Type I interferons might form the link between Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3\/7 and TLR4-mediated synovial inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)","volume":"68","author":"Roelofs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3856","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20678","article-title":"Expression of toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in rheumatoid synovial tissue and regulation by proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-12 and interleukin-18 via interferon-gamma","volume":"50","author":"Radstake","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.100732","article-title":"Expression of Toll-like receptors and their signaling pathways in rheumatoid synovitis","volume":"38","author":"Tamaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102496","article-title":"Polymorphism of toll-like receptor genes and autoimmune endocrine diseases","volume":"19","author":"Dvornikova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2008.100","article-title":"A TLR2 polymorphism is associated with type 1 diabetes and allergic asthma","volume":"10","author":"Egeland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780425","DOI":"10.3389\/falgy.2021.780425","article-title":"TLR Signals in Epithelial Cells in the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses","volume":"2","author":"Suzuki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-015-3816-1","article-title":"Different activations of toll-like receptors and antimicrobial peptides in chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyposis","volume":"273","author":"Hirschberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489.2012.717713","article-title":"Differential expression of Toll-like receptor pathway genes in chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps","volume":"133","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, J.S., Kang, J.H., Um, J.Y., Han, I.H., Park, I.H., and Lee, H.M. (2014). Lipopolysaccharide induces pro-inflammatory cytokines and MMP production via TLR4 in nasal polyp-derived fibroblast and organ culture. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090683"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12165","article-title":"Activation of TLR4 induces VEGF expression via Akt pathway in nasal polyps","volume":"43","author":"Cho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.2.1080","article-title":"TLR3- and Th2 cytokine-dependent production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in human airway epithelial cells","volume":"179","author":"Kato","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12667","article-title":"Interaction of thymic stromal lymphopoietin, IL-33, and their receptors in epithelial cells in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"70","author":"Liao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2014.11.001","article-title":"B cell epitope spreading: Mechanisms and contribution to autoimmune diseases","volume":"163","author":"Cornaby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(01)00293-X","article-title":"A closer look at proteolysis and MHC-class-II-restricted antigen presentation","volume":"14","author":"Bakker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.04.019","article-title":"Autoimmunity and oxidatively modified autoantigens","volume":"7","author":"Kurien","year":"2008","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2004.11.001","article-title":"Modification of lupus-associated 60-kDa Ro protein with the lipid oxidation product 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal increases antigenicity and facilitates epitope spreading","volume":"38","author":"Scofield","year":"2005","journal-title":"Free. Radical. Bio. Med."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2010.08.003","article-title":"Lupus-derived monoclonal autoantibodies against apoptotic chromatin recognize acetylated conformational epitopes","volume":"48","author":"Dieker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2006.05.020","article-title":"Oxidatively modified autoantigens in autoimmune diseases","volume":"41","author":"Kurien","year":"2006","journal-title":"Free. Radical. Bio. Med."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(03)00475-2","article-title":"Free radical mediated peroxidative damage in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"73","author":"Kurien","year":"2003","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-1810-7","article-title":"Degradation products of proteins damaged by glycation, oxidation and nitration in clinical type 1 diabetes","volume":"48","author":"Ahmed","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/10446670410001722186","article-title":"Are oxidized LDL\/beta2-glycoprotein I complexes pathogenic antigens in autoimmune-mediated atherosclerosis?","volume":"11","author":"Matsuura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"248","article-title":"Evaluation of total oxidative stress parameters in patients with nasal polyps","volume":"33","author":"Bozkus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1179\/1351000215Y.0000000001","article-title":"Evaluation of oxidative DNA damage and antioxidant defense in patients with nasal polyps","volume":"20","author":"Mrowicka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Redox Rep."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1159\/000337460","article-title":"Role of reactive oxygen species in transforming growth factor beta1-induced alpha smooth-muscle actin and collagen production in nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts","volume":"159","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-021-06268-2","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition via NF-\u03baB\/NOX4\/ROS signal pathway in lung cancer cells","volume":"48","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2021.153062","article-title":"Nicotine stimulates IL-8 expression via ROS\/NF-\u03baB and ROS\/MAPK\/AP-1 axis in human gastric cancer cells","volume":"466","author":"Lian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F800","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00111.2015","article-title":"Acute reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent effects of IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-6 on the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB) in vivo","volume":"309","author":"Sverrisson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2014.12.006","article-title":"Autoantigen complementarity and its contributions to hallmarks of autoimmune disease","volume":"375","author":"Pendergraft","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008030270","article-title":"Antibodies with dual reactivity to plasminogen and complementary PR3 in PR3-ANCA vasculitis","volume":"19","author":"Bautz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/nm968","article-title":"Autoimmunity is triggered by cPR-3(105-201), a protein complementary to human autoantigen proteinase-3","volume":"10","author":"Pendergraft","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3109\/08916934.2010.491843","article-title":"Longitudinal studies of patients with ANCA vasculitis demonstrate concurrent reactivity to complementary PR3 protein segments cPR3m and cPR3C and with no reactivity to cPR3N","volume":"44","author":"Hewins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102759","article-title":"The biology, pathogenetic role, clinical implications, and open issues of serum anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies","volume":"20","author":"Ramponi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-120-1-199401010-00003","article-title":"Association of chronic nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and higher relapse rates in Wegener granulomatosis","volume":"120","author":"Stegeman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12211","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12450-z","article-title":"Genetic loci of Staphylococcus aureus associated with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides","volume":"7","author":"Glasner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1673386","article-title":"Pathogenesis of ANCA-Associated Pulmonary Vasculitis","volume":"39","author":"Alba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-05474-w","article-title":"Neutrophil infiltrates and eosinophil aggregates in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and EGPA","volume":"40","author":"Contro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.171352","article-title":"Longterm Outcomes of 188 Japanese Patients with Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis","volume":"45","author":"Saku","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37721","article-title":"Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss): Clinical characteristics and long-term followup of the 383 patients enrolled in the French Vasculitis Study Group cohort","volume":"65","author":"Comarmond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.02.016","article-title":"Mechanisms and pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"149","author":"Kato","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immun."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, G.R. (2018). The Balance of Th17 versus Treg Cells in Autoimmunity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030730"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fasching, P., Stradner, M., Graninger, W., Dejaco, C., and Fessler, J. (2017). Therapeutic Potential of Targeting the Th17\/Treg Axis in Autoimmune Disorders. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22010134"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.07.008","article-title":"Different types of T-effector cells orchestrate mucosal inflammation in chronic sinus disease","volume":"122","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201402-0234OC","article-title":"Disease-specific T-helper cell polarizing function of lesional dendritic cells in different types of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"190","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.01.020","article-title":"Human FOXP3+ Regulatory T Cell Heterogeneity and Function in Autoimmunity and Cancer","volume":"50","author":"Wing","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1177\/1945892418787132","article-title":"Biologics in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: An Update and Thoughts for Future Directions","volume":"32","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2009.03218.x","article-title":"Interleukin-6 is essential for Staphylococcal exotoxin B-induced T regulatory cell insufficiency in nasal polyps","volume":"39","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144563","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1144563","article-title":"Role and Function of Regulatory T Cell in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyposis","volume":"2022","author":"Lei","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.04.013","article-title":"TGF-beta signaling and collagen deposition in chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"124","author":"Derycke","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-012-2219-9","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases and their impact on sinusal extension in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"270","author":"Malinsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12878","article-title":"Chronic airway inflammation provides a unique environment for B cell activation and antibody production","volume":"47","author":"Feldman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2020.09.016","article-title":"Local immunoglobulin production in nasal tissues: A key to pathogenesis in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease","volume":"126","author":"Buchheit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1177\/0394632015617063","article-title":"Clinic manifestations in granulomatosis with polyangiitis","volume":"29","author":"Greco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2016.08.009","article-title":"Genetic and Immune Dysregulation in Chronic Rhinosinusitis","volume":"50","author":"Halderman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2005.11.042","article-title":"Familial aggregation of sinonasal polyps correlates with severity of disease","volume":"134","author":"Cohen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2012.26.3692","article-title":"HLA-DRA polymorphisms associated with risk of nasal polyposis in asthmatic patients","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200003000-00017","article-title":"HLA-DRB1, -DQA1, and -DQB1 genotypes in patients with nasal polyposis","volume":"110","author":"Endreffy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2006.03.034","article-title":"DQA1 and DQB1 association and nasal polyposis","volume":"135","year":"2006","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-017-1207-1","article-title":"The MHC locus and genetic susceptibility to autoimmune and infectious diseases","volume":"18","author":"Matzaraki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2010.24.3416","article-title":"Incidence of staphylococcal colonization and of the 753Q Toll-like receptor 2 variant in nasal polyposis","volume":"24","author":"Sachse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2016.04.014","article-title":"TLR2 and TLR4 polymorphisms in Southern Chinese Psoriasis Vulgaris patients","volume":"83","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8384","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12878","article-title":"Association of TLR2 gene polymorphisms with ocular Behcet\u2019s disease in a Chinese Han population","volume":"54","author":"Fang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/2050-7771-1-20","article-title":"Polymorphisms of Toll-like receptor-4 and CD14 in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"1","author":"Dhaouadi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomark. Res."},{"key":"ref_182","first-page":"406","article-title":"Association between the functional polymorphism C-159T in the CD14 promoter gene and nasal polyposis: Potential role in asthma","volume":"22","author":"Yazdani","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.06.042","article-title":"Hypomethylation of the IL8 promoter in nasal epithelial cells of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"144","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201207-1292OC","article-title":"Excessive fibrin deposition in nasal polyps caused by fibrinolytic impairment through reduction of tissue plasminogen activator expression","volume":"187","author":"Takabayashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1177\/1945892418782236","article-title":"DNA Methylation of Proximal PLAT Promoter in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps","volume":"32","author":"Kidoguchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.2500\/108854196778662192","article-title":"Hereditary factor for nasal polyps","volume":"17","author":"Greisner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21469","article-title":"Familial risk of chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyposis: Genetics or environment","volume":"5","author":"Oakley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Forum. Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2020.09.063","article-title":"Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps and Asthma","volume":"9","author":"Laidlaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/9\/8444\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:31:36Z","timestamp":1760124696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/9\/8444"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]]},"references-count":188,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24098444"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24098444","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]]}}}