{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T18:23:01Z","timestamp":1793384581604,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ricerca Corrente, Italian Ministry of Health"},{"name":"Fondazione Alessandro"},{"name":"Vincenzo Negroni Prati Morosini"},{"name":"Fondazione Romeo"},{"name":"Enrica Invernizzi"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s Disease is the most common form of dementia; its key pathological findings include the deposition of extracellular-neurotoxic-plaques composed of amyloid-beta (Ab). AD-pathogenesis involves mechanisms that operate outside the brain, and new researches indicate that peripheral inflammation is an early event in the disease. Herein, we focus on a receptor known as triggering-receptor-expressed-on-myeloid-cells2 (TREM2), which promotes the optimal immune cells function required to attenuate AD-progression and is, therefore, a potential target as peripheral diagnostic and prognostic-biomarker for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. The objective of this exploratory study was to analyze: (1) soluble-TREM2 (sTREM2) plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentration, (2) TREM2-mRNA, (3) the percentage of TREM2-expressing monocytes, and (4) the concentration of miR-146a-5p and miR-34a-5p suspected to influence TREM2 transcription. Experiments were performed on PBMC collected by 15AD patients and 12age-matched healthy controls that were unstimulated or treated in inflammatory (LPS) conditions and Ab42 for 24 h; A\u03b242-phagocytosis was also analyzed by AMNIS FlowSight. Results although preliminary, due to limitations by the small sample-size, showed that in AD compared to HC: TREM2 expressing monocytes were reduced, plasma sTREM2 concentration and TREM2-mRNA were significantly upregulated and Ab42-phagocytosis was diminished (for all p &lt; 0.05). miR-34a-5p expression was reduced (p = 0.02) as well in PBMC of AD, and miR-146 was only observed in AD cells (p = 0.0001).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24108626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T02:36:59Z","timestamp":1683859019000},"page":"8626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["TREM2 Expression and Amyloid-Beta Phagocytosis in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3181-9505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"La Rosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20147 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6214-0645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Agostini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20147 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Piancone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20147 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Marventano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20147 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambra","family":"Hernis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20147 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Fenoglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9284-5953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Galimberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Ca\u2019 Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elio","family":"Scarpini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Ca\u2019 Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2295-3043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Saresella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20147 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5920-6191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Clerici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20147 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.01243.x","article-title":"Heterogeneous expression of the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 on adult murine microglia","volume":"83","author":"Schmid","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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