{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T19:59:40Z","timestamp":1789415980907,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":369,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,13]],"date-time":"2023-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union under the action of the ERA-NET COFUND","award":["2019-2.1.7-ERANET-2021-00018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-2.1.7-ERANET-2021-00018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An imbalance of homeostasis in the retina leads to neuron loss and this eventually results in a deterioration of vision. If the stress threshold is exceeded, different protective\/survival mechanisms are activated. Numerous key molecular actors contribute to prevalent metabolically induced retinal diseases\u2014the three major challenges are age-related alterations, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma. These diseases have complex dysregulation of glucose-, lipid-, amino acid or purine metabolism. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on possible ways of preventing or circumventing retinal degeneration by available methods. We intend to provide a unified background, common prevention and treatment rationale for these disorders and identify the mechanisms through which these actions protect the retina. We suggest a role for herbal medicines, internal neuroprotective substances and synthetic drugs targeting four processes: parainflammation and\/or glial cell activation, ischemia and related reactive oxygen species and vascular endothelial growth factor accumulation, apoptosis and\/or autophagy of nerve cells and an elevation of ocular perfusion pressure and\/or intraocular pressure. We conclude that in order to achieve substantial preventive or therapeutic effects, at least two of the mentioned pathways should be targeted synergistically. A repositioning of some drugs is considered to use them for the cure of the other related conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24108728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T02:56:57Z","timestamp":1684119417000},"page":"8728","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Three Major Causes of Metabolic Retinal Degenerations and Three Ways to Avoid Them"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Kov\u00e1cs-Valasek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of P\u00e9cs, Ifj\u00fas\u00e1g \u00fatja 6, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7652-3583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tibor","family":"R\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, Szigeti \u00fat 12, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Etelka","family":"P\u00f6sty\u00e9ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of P\u00e9cs, Ifj\u00fas\u00e1g \u00fatja 6, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7821-2412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrienne","family":"Csutak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, Szigeti \u00fat 12, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"G\u00e1briel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of P\u00e9cs, Ifj\u00fas\u00e1g \u00fatja 6, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"J\u00e1nos Szent\u00e1gothai Research Centre, University of P\u00e9cs, Ifj\u00fas\u00e1g \u00fatja 20, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/13.8.807","article-title":"Explicit Neural Representations, Recursive Neural Networks and Conscious Visual Perception","volume":"13","author":"Pollen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cereb. 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