{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T19:55:44Z","timestamp":1780084544633,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,14]],"date-time":"2023-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2014Next Generation EU","award":["ECS00000041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECS00000041"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014Next Generation EU","award":["C43C22000380007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C43C22000380007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Amniotic membrane and amniotic fluid derived cells are regarded as a promising stem cell source for developing regenerative medicine techniques, although they have never been tested on male infertility diseases such as varicocele (VAR). The current study aimed to examine the effects of two distinct cell sources, human Amniotic Fluid Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (hAFMSCs) and amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs), on male fertility outcomes in a rat induced VAR model. To explain cell-dependent enhancement of reproductive outcomes in rats transplanted with hAECs and hAFMSCs, insights on testis morphology, endocannabinoid system (ECS) expression and inflammatory tissue response have been carried out alongside cell homing assessment. Both cell types survived 120 days post-transplantation by modulating the ECS main components, promoting proregenerative M2 macrophages (M\u03c6) recruitment and a favorable anti-inflammatory IL10 expression pattern. Of note, hAECs resulted to be more effective in restoring rat fertility rate by enhancing both structural and immunoresponse mechanisms. Moreover, immunofluorescence analysis revealed that hAECs contributed to CYP11A1 expression after transplantation, whereas hAFMSCs moved towards the expression of Sertoli cell marker, SOX9, confirming a different contribution into the mechanisms leading to testis homeostasis. These findings highlight, for the first time, a distinct role of amniotic membrane and amniotic fluid derived cells in male reproduction, thus proposing innovative targeted stem-based regenerative medicine protocols for remedying high-prevalence male infertility conditions such as VAR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24108737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T02:56:57Z","timestamp":1684119417000},"page":"8737","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["AEC and AFMSC Transplantation Preserves Fertility of Experimentally Induced Rat Varicocele by Expressing Differential Regenerative Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2025-2419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Peserico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0231-8066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Barboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4368-2534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delia","family":"Nardinocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maura","family":"Turriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Costanza","family":"Cimini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5140-9656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Bernab\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5211-6430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ornella","family":"Parolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cAgostino Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6208-3583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonietta Rosa","family":"Silini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, 25124 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6594-2272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Antonucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Sciences, Nano and Biotechnologies, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liborio","family":"Stuppia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Sciences, Nano and Biotechnologies, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University, Via dei Vestini 31, 66013 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Berardinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Falanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medline Srl, Via Galileo Ferraris 1, 84018 Scafati, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Perruzza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Unit, S.I.S.Me.R., Via Mazzini 12, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5914-615X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Valbonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3907-0244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annunziata","family":"Mauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sousa, A.P., Santos-Pereira, J., Freire, M.J., Parada, B., Almeida-Santos, T., Bernardino, J., and Ramalho-Santos, J. (2021). Using Data Mining to Assist in Predicting Reproductive Outcomes Following Varicocele Embolization. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10163503"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2022.863695","article-title":"Varicocele: An Endocrinological Perspective","volume":"4","author":"Bellastella","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Reprod. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3591086","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3591086","article-title":"Artificial Neural Network to Predict Varicocele Impact on Male Fertility through Testicular Endocannabinoid Gene Expression Profiles","volume":"2018","author":"Perruzza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2021.04.005","article-title":"Effect of Varicoceles on Spermatogenesis","volume":"121","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/14.4.906","article-title":"Inhibin B Plasma Concentrations in Oligozoospermic Subjects before and after Therapy with Follicle Stimulating Hormone","volume":"14","author":"Foresta","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-017-0713-z","article-title":"Varicocele and Semen Quality: A Retrospective Case-Control Study of 4230 Patients from a Single Centre","volume":"41","author":"Pallotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2018.03.039","article-title":"Impact of Subinguinal Varicocelectomy on Serum Testosterone to Estradiol Ratio in Male Patients with Infertility","volume":"117","author":"Gomaa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barchi, M., Innocenzi, E., Giannattasio, T., Dolci, S., Rossi, P., and Grimaldi, P. (2019). Cannabinoid Receptors Signaling in the Development, Epigenetics, and Tumours of Male Germ Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010025"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3109\/01485019008986881","article-title":"Testicular Steroids in Spermatic and Peripheral Veins after Single Injection of HCG in Patients with Varicocele","volume":"24","author":"Takeyama","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch. Androl."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santi, D., Cr\u00e9pieux, P., Reiter, E., Spaggiari, G., Brigante, G., Casarini, L., Rochira, V., and Simoni, M. (2020). Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Action on Spermatogenesis: A Focus on Physiological and Therapeutic Roles. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9041014"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2014-1101","article-title":"The Mammalian Blood-Testis Barrier: Its Biology and Regulation","volume":"36","author":"Mruk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729539","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.729539","article-title":"Varicocele-Mediated Male Infertility: From the Perspective of Testicular Immunity and Inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"6572","article-title":"The Pathophysiological Role of Inflammatory Parameters in Patients with Varicocele","volume":"26","author":"Yagmur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2010.03.022","article-title":"Immunological, Paracrine and Endocrine Aspects of Testicular Immune Privilege","volume":"335","author":"Meinhardt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2020.103204","article-title":"Testicular Immune Cell Populations and Macrophage Polarisation in Adult Male Mice and the Influence of Altered Activin A Levels","volume":"142","author":"Indumathy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2014.02.011","article-title":"Sertoli Cells\u2014Immunological Sentinels of Spermatogenesis","volume":"30","author":"Kaur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913502","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.913502","article-title":"Sertoli Cell Immune Regulation: A Double-Edged Sword","volume":"13","author":"Washburn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583304","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.583304","article-title":"Immune Cell Subtypes and Their Function in the Testis","volume":"11","author":"Bhushan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-2-9","article-title":"The Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha and Interleukin-1 in the Mammalian Testis and Their Involvement in Testicular Torsion and Autoimmune Orchitis","volume":"2","author":"Lysiak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-018-1862-5","article-title":"Silymarin and Celecoxib Ameliorate Experimental Varicocele-Induced Pathogenesis: Evidences for Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Inhibition","volume":"50","author":"Mazhari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2012.01.014","article-title":"The Role of Endocannabinoids in Gonadal Function and Fertility along the Evolutionary Axis","volume":"355","author":"Battista","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-20825-1_12","article-title":"Endocannabinoids and Reproductive Events in Health and Disease","volume":"231","author":"Battista","year":"2015","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4393","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02536","article-title":"Characterization of the Endocannabinoid System in Boar Spermatozoa and Implications for Sperm Capacitation and Acrosome Reaction","volume":"118","author":"Maccarrone","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2014.09.002","article-title":"The Biological Networks in Studying Cell Signal Transduction Complexity: The Examples of Sperm Capacitation and of Endocannabinoid System","volume":"11","author":"Barboni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramal-Sanchez, M., Bernab\u00f2, N., Valbonetti, L., Cimini, C., Taraschi, A., Capacchietti, G., Machado-Simoes, J., and Barboni, B. (2021). Role and Modulation of TRPV1 in Mammalian Spermatozoa: An Updated Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094306"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"323","article-title":"Expression of TRPV1 as A Heat Sensitive Voltage-Dependent Ion Channel and Oxidative Stress in Sperm Samples of Infertile Men with Varicocele: A Case-Control Study","volume":"24","author":"Salahshouri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, S.E.M., Rapino, C., Di Tommaso, M., Pucci, M., Battista, N., Paro, R., Simon, L., Lutton, D., and Maccarrone, M. (2012). Differences in the Endocannabinoid System of Sperm from Fertile and Infertile Men. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047704"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12656","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12656","article-title":"Capsaicin Attenuates Spermatogenic Cell Death Induced by Scrotal Hyperthermia through Its Antioxidative and Anti-Apoptotic Activities","volume":"49","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saha, S., Roy, P., Corbitt, C., and Kakar, S.S. (2021). Application of Stem Cell Therapy for Infertility. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071613"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"759","article-title":"The Effect of Intratesticular Injection of Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Cell on Testicular Oxidative Stress and Spermatogenesis Process in the Varicocele Rat Model","volume":"13","author":"Siregar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Rep. Urol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689717724797","article-title":"Placental Stem Cells from Domestic Animals: Translational Potential and Clinical Relevance","volume":"27","author":"Barboni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13003","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13003","article-title":"Stem Cell Characteristics and the Therapeutic Potential of Amniotic Epithelial Cells","volume":"80","author":"Miki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12715","article-title":"Amniotic Mesenchymal Cells from Pre-Eclamptic Placentae Maintain Immunomodulatory Features as Healthy Controls","volume":"20","author":"Pianta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2217\/17460751.4.2.275","article-title":"Amniotic Membrane and Amniotic Fluid-Derived Cells: Potential Tools for Regenerative Medicine?","volume":"4","author":"Parolini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"53","article-title":"Amniotic Membrane-Derived Stem Cells: Immunomodulatory Properties and Potential Clinical Application","volume":"7","author":"Insausti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells Cloning"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s13577-022-00795-1","article-title":"Amniotic Stem Cells as a Source of Regenerative Medicine to Treat Female Infertility","volume":"36","author":"Naeem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Cell"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/7.1.78","article-title":"The Study of Varicocele through the Use of Animal Models","volume":"7","author":"Turner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmu004","article-title":"Endocannabinoids as Biomarkers of Human Reproduction","volume":"20","author":"Rapino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120035","article-title":"Diverse Role of Endocannabinoid System in Mammalian Male Reproduction","volume":"286","author":"Sayed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2013.00192","article-title":"The Endocannabinoid System and Spermatogenesis","volume":"4","author":"Grimaldi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4692","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-0057","article-title":"Characterization of the Endocannabinoid System in Human Spermatozoa and Involvement of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 Receptor in Their Fertilizing Ability","volume":"150","author":"Francavilla","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2014.00054","article-title":"Endocannabinoids Are Involved in Male Vertebrate Reproduction: Regulatory Mechanisms at Central and Gonadal Level","volume":"5","author":"Bovolin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11131","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0812789106","article-title":"The Endocannabinoid System and Pivotal Role of the CB2 Receptor in Mouse Spermatogenesis","volume":"106","author":"Grimaldi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.109.079210","article-title":"A Gradient of 2-Arachidonoylglycerol Regulates Mouse Epididymal Sperm Cell Start-Up","volume":"82","author":"Cobellis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2003.10.019","article-title":"Cannabinoid Receptors and T Helper Cells","volume":"147","author":"Klein","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2009.12.005","article-title":"Cannabinoids and the Immune System: An Overview","volume":"215","author":"Tanasescu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.683615","article-title":"Deletion of Monoglyceride Lipase in Astrocytes Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation","volume":"291","author":"Grabner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1054\/plef.2001.0359","article-title":"Oxidative Metabolism of Endocannabinoids","volume":"66","author":"Kozak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8065","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R800005200","article-title":"Non-Redundant Functions of Cyclooxygenases: Oxygenation of Endocannabinoids","volume":"283","author":"Rouzer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1166-9","article-title":"Inhibition of 2-AG Hydrolysis Differentially Regulates Blood Brain Barrier Permeability after Injury","volume":"15","author":"Piro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6859","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CS00047A","article-title":"Chemical Approaches to Therapeutically Target the Metabolism and Signaling of the Endocannabinoid 2-AG and Eicosanoids","volume":"43","author":"Kohnz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1594","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2584","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of HAECs for Early Achilles Tendon Defect Repair through Regeneration","volume":"12","author":"Barboni","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3MR0318-086RR","article-title":"Microenvironmental Signals Govern the Cellular Identity of Testicular Macrophages","volume":"104","author":"Meinhardt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1010557","article-title":"Rat Resident Testicular Macrophages Have an Alternatively Activated Phenotype and Constitutively Produce Interleukin-10 in Vitro","volume":"90","author":"Winnall","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6425","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26429","article-title":"Macrophage plasticity, polarization, and function in health and disease","volume":"233","author":"Mohammadian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manuelpillai, U., Lourensz, D., Vaghjiani, V., Tchongue, J., Lacey, D., Tee, J.Y., Murthi, P., Chan, J., Hodge, A., and Sievert, W. (2012). Human Amniotic Epithelial Cell Transplantation Induces Markers of Alternative Macrophage Activation and Reduces Established Hepatic Fibrosis. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038631"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689717742819","article-title":"The Immunomodulatory Properties of Amniotic Cells: The Two Sides of the Coin","volume":"27","author":"Magatti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00430","article-title":"Insights into the Development of the Adult Leydig Cell Lineage from Stem Leydig Cells","volume":"8","author":"Ye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(2023, April 14). Dentification of a Specific Sertoli Cell Marker, Sox9, for Use in Transplantation\u2014PubMed, Available online: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/12428738\/."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10030","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.66819","article-title":"HnRNPU in Sertoli Cells Cooperates with WT1 and Is Essential for Testicular Development by Modulating Transcriptional Factors Sox8\/9","volume":"11","author":"Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.610544","article-title":"Perinatal Derivatives: Where Do We Stand? A Roadmap of the Human Placenta and Consensus for Tissue and Cell Nomenclature","volume":"8","author":"Silini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1E.3.1","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470151808.sc01e03s12","article-title":"Isolation of Amniotic Epithelial Stem Cells","volume":"12","author":"Miki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.3727\/096368914X684033","article-title":"Human Amniotic Membrane-Derived Mesenchymal and Epithelial Cells Exert Different Effects on Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Function","volume":"24","author":"Magatti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antonucci, I., Iezzi, I., Morizio, E., Mastrangelo, F., Pantalone, A., Mattioli-Belmonte, M., Gigante, A., Salini, V., Calabrese, G., and Tet\u00e8, S. (2009). Isolation of Osteogenic Progenitors from Human Amniotic Fluid Using a Single Step Culture Protocol. BMC Biotechnol., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6750-9-9"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2014.0453","article-title":"Molecular and Phenotypic Characterization of Human Amniotic Fluid-Derived Cells: A Morphological and Proteomic Approach","volume":"24","author":"Pipino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"2","article-title":"Testicular Biopsy Score Count\u2014A Method for Registration of Spermatogenesis in Human Testes: Normal Values and Results in 335 Hypogonadal Males","volume":"1","author":"Johnsen","year":"1970","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.3727\/096368912X638892","article-title":"Achilles Tendon Regeneration Can Be Improved by Amniotic Epithelial Cell Allotransplantation","volume":"21","author":"Barboni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2016.01.014","article-title":"M1 and M2 Macrophage Recruitment during Tendon Regeneration Induced by Amniotic Epithelial Cell Allotransplantation in Ovine","volume":"105","author":"Mauro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3609","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-022-07200-y","article-title":"Association between the Single Nucleotide Variants of the Mitochondrial Cytochrome B Gene (MT-CYB) and the Male Infertility","volume":"49","author":"Hammadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/10\/8737\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:34:37Z","timestamp":1760124877000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/10\/8737"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,14]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24108737"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24108737","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,14]]}}}