{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T11:27:20Z","timestamp":1762342040080,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Research Grant Scheme from The Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia","award":["FRGS\/1\/2020\/SKK0\/UKM\/02\/25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2020\/SKK0\/UKM\/02\/25"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infertility is a condition affecting women who are born with an underdeveloped or absent vagina, a birth defect known as congenital absence of the vagina. It is a rare disorder where the development of the Mullerian duct is obstructed by unidentified causes. The case is seldom reported due to the low prevalence and sparse epidemiology studies worldwide. A potential solution for the disorder is neovaginal creation with in vitro cultured vaginal mucosa. Limited studies have reported its application, but none are reproducible or specific regarding the established processes for acquiring vaginal epithelial cells from vaginal biopsies. These research gaps were adequately answered with an epidemiology study of inpatient details in Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, Malaysia, established methods and outcomes of vaginal tissue processing and isolation, and characterization of vaginal epithelial cells using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and immunofluorescence assays. The reported evidence and speculation that the disorder arises because of a cellular transition event between epithelial and mesenchymal cells during the development of the Mullerian duct could be key in the creation of neovaginas using established culture procedures to improve surgical results and restore fertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24108798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T02:37:51Z","timestamp":1684204671000},"page":"8798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Isolation of Vaginal Epithelial Cells: In Preparation of Autologous Vaginal Tissue Lining for Congenital Absence of Vagina Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Too","family":"Lih Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3965-1850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadiah","family":"Sulaiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdul Ghani","family":"Nur Azurah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2154-7852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manira","family":"Maarof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rabiatul Adawiyah","family":"Razali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benson","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roszita","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ani Amelia","family":"Zainuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6162-4405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Dain","family":"Yazid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"K10","article-title":"Mullerian Duct Anomaly- A Spectrum of Varied Clinical Manifestations","volume":"6","author":"Poonam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. 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