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Thus, we aimed to study the effects of Hg alone or in combination with 5 nM N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) on the primary endometrial cells\u2019 viability and function. Primary human endometrial epithelial cells (hEnEC) and stromal cells (hEnSC) were isolated from 44 endometrial biopsies obtained from healthy donors. The viability of treated endometrial and JEG-3 trophoblast cells was evaluated via tetrazolium salt metabolism. Cell death and DNA integrity were quantified following annexin V and TUNEL staining, while the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were quantified following DCFDA staining. Decidualization was assessed through secreted prolactin and the insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 (IGFBP1) in cultured media. JEG-3 spheroids were co-cultured with the hEnEC and decidual hEnSC to assess trophoblast adhesion and outgrowth on the decidual stroma, respectively. Hg compromised cell viability and amplified ROS production in trophoblast and endometrial cells and exacerbated cell death and DNA damage in trophoblast cells, impairing trophoblast adhesion and outgrowth. NAC supplementation significantly restored cell viability, trophoblast adhesion, and outgrowth. As these effects were accompanied by the significant decline in ROS production, our findings originally describe how implantation-related endometrial cell functions are restored in Hg-treated primary human endometrial co-cultures by antioxidant supplementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24108799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T02:37:51Z","timestamp":1684204671000},"page":"8799","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Antioxidant Supplementation Alleviates Mercury-Induced Cytotoxicity and Restores the Implantation-Related Functions of Primary Human Endometrial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0106-7250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Palomar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Research Group, IVI Foundation\u2014IIS La Fe Health Research Institute, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Qui\u00f1onero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Research Group, IVI Foundation\u2014IIS La Fe Health Research Institute, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7372-9677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yassmin","family":"Medina-Laver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Research Group, IVI Foundation\u2014IIS La Fe Health Research Institute, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Gonzalez-Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Research Group, IVI Foundation\u2014IIS La Fe Health Research Institute, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"P\u00e9rez-Deb\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Alama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, IVIRMA-Valencia, 46015 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7620-8081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Research Group, IVI Foundation\u2014IIS La Fe Health Research Institute, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmaa054","article-title":"Embryo Implantation in the Laboratory: An Update on Current Techniques","volume":"27","author":"Ojosnegros","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. 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