{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T01:22:49Z","timestamp":1791336169907,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2020R1A2C1101548"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1A2C1101548"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The seed production of small yellow croaker (SYC) is constrained by reproductive dysfunction in captive-reared females. Reproductive dysfunction is closely linked to endocrine reproductive mechanisms. To better understand the reproductive dysfunction in captive broodstock, functional characterization of gonadotropins (GtHs: follicle stimulating hormone \u03b2 subunit, fsh\u03b2; luteinizing hormone \u03b2 subunit, lh\u03b2; and glycoprotein \u03b1 subunit, gp\u03b1) and sex steroids (17\u03b2-estradiol, E2; testosterone, T; progesterone; P) was performed using qRT-PCR, ELISA, in vivo, and in-vitro assay. The pituitary GtHs and gonadal steroids levels were significantly higher in ripen fish of both sexes. However, changes in lh\u03b2 and E2 levels in females were not significant in the developing and ripen stages. Furthermore, GtHs and steroids levels were lower in females compared to males throughout the reproductive cycle. In vivo administration of gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa) significantly increased the expression of GtHs in both dose- and time-related manners. The lower and higher doses of GnRHa led to successful spawning in male and female SYC, respectively. Sex steroids in vitro significantly inhibited the expression of lh\u03b2 in female SYC. Overall, GtHs were shown to play a vital role in final gonadal maturation, while steroids promoted negative feedback in the regulation of pituitary GtHs. Lower levels of GtHs and steroids might be key components in the reproductive dysfunction of captive-reared female SYC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24108919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T08:09:44Z","timestamp":1684397384000},"page":"8919","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Gonadotropins and Sex Steroid Hormones in Captive-Reared Small Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) and Their Role in Female Reproductive Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8731-6101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kang Hee","family":"Kho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fisheries Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8098-5986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahid Parvez","family":"Sukhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fisheries Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seok-Woo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean and Fisheries Science Institute, Jeollanam-do 59326, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nam-Yong","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean and Fisheries Science Institute, Jeollanam-do 59326, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won-Kyo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fisheries Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1023\/B:FISH.0000030476.73360.07","article-title":"Biochemistry and physiology of fish gonadotropins","volume":"28","author":"Swanson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. 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