{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T21:33:27Z","timestamp":1792359207254,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is a rapidly growing disease that affects millions of people worldwide, therefore there is an urgent need for its early diagnosis and treatment. A huge amount of research studies are performed on possible accurate and reliable diagnostic biomarkers of AD. Due to its direct contact with extracellular space of the brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the most useful biological fluid reflecting molecular events in the brain. Proteins and molecules that reflect the pathogenesis of the disease, e.g., neurodegeneration, accumulation of Abeta, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein and apoptosis may be used as biomarkers. The aim of the current manuscript is to present the most commonly used CSF biomarkers for AD as well as novel biomarkers. Three CSF biomarkers, namely total tau, phospho-tau and Abeta42, are believed to have the highest diagnostic accuracy for early AD diagnosis and the ability to predict AD development in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients. Moreover, other biomarkers such as soluble amyloid precursor protein (APP), apoptotic proteins, secretases and inflammatory and oxidation markers are believed to have increased future prospects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24108976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T01:26:41Z","timestamp":1684459601000},"page":"8976","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["CSF Biomarkers in the Early Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1064-0290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasileios","family":"Papaliagkas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, Alexandrion University Campus, 57400 Sindos, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kallirhoe","family":"Kalinderi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Biology-Genetics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4796-183X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patroklos","family":"Vareltzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0527-7143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Despoina","family":"Moraitou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Psychology, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodora","family":"Papamitsou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Histology and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2101-4546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Chatzidimitriou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, Alexandrion University Campus, 57400 Sindos, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, February 27). 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