{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:43:14Z","timestamp":1787586194029,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Industrieel OnderzoeksFonds","award":["F2021\/IOF-StarTT\/039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F2021\/IOF-StarTT\/039"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The consensus in aging is that inflammation, cellular senescence, free radicals, and epigenetics are contributing factors. Skin glycation through advanced glycation end products (AGEs) has a crucial role in aging. Additionally, it has been suggested that their presence in scars leads to elasticity loss. This manuscript reports fructosamine-3-kinase (FN3K) and fructosyl-amino acid oxidase (FAOD) in counteracting skin glycation by AGEs. Skin specimens were obtained (n = 19) and incubated with glycolaldehyde (GA) for AGE induction. FN3K and FAOD were used as monotherapy or combination therapy. Negative and positive controls were treated with phosphate-buffered saline and aminoguanidine, respectively. Autofluorescence (AF) was used to measure deglycation. An excised hypertrophic scar tissue (HTS) (n = 1) was treated. Changes in chemical bonds and elasticity were evaluated using mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR) and skin elongation, respectively. Specimens treated with FN3K and FAOD in monotherapy achieved an average decrease of 31% and 33% in AF values, respectively. When treatments were combined, a decrease of 43% was achieved. The positive control decreased by 28%, whilst the negative control showed no difference. Elongation testing of HTS showed a significant elasticity improvement after FN3K treatment. ATR-IR spectra demonstrated differences in chemical bounds pre- versus post-treatment. FN3K and FAOD can achieve deglycation and the effects are most optimal when combined in one treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24108981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T01:26:41Z","timestamp":1684459601000},"page":"8981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Enzymatic Deglycation of Damaged Skin by Means of Combined Treatment of Fructosamine-3-Kinase and Fructosyl-Amino Acid Oxidase"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8579-8661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignace","family":"De Decker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Burn Center, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margo","family":"Notebaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9183-4390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marijn M.","family":"Speeckaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5960-6248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karel E. Y.","family":"Claes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burn Center, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip","family":"Blondeel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burn Center, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2418-701X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Van Aken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo","family":"Van Dorpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7113-4565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filip","family":"De Somer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaux","family":"Heintz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 33, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stan","family":"Monstrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burn Center, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5702-6792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joris R.","family":"Delanghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.9b01083","article-title":"Advanced Glycation End Product Inhibition by Alkaloids from Ocotea paranapiacabensis for the Prevention of Skin Aging","volume":"83","author":"Valli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nat. 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