{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T19:07:52Z","timestamp":1780513672159,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU funding within the MUR PNRR Extended Partnership initiative on Emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["PE00000007, INF-ACT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007, INF-ACT"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The incidence of periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) is ~2% of total procedures and it is expected to rise due to an ageing population. Despite the large burden PJI has on both the individual and society, the immune response to the most commonly isolated pathogens, i.e., Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, remains incompletely understood. In this work, we integrate the analysis of synovial fluids from patients undergoing hip and knee replacement surgery with in-vitro experimental data obtained using a newly developed platform, mimicking the environment of periprosthetic implants. We found that the presence of an implant, even in patients undergoing aseptic revisions, is sufficient to induce an immune response, which is significantly different between septic and aseptic revisions. This difference is confirmed by the presence of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in synovial fluids. Moreover, we discovered that the immune response is also dependent on the type of bacteria and the topography of the implant surface. While S. epidermidis seems to be able to hide better from the attack of the immune system when cultured on rough surfaces (indicative of uncemented prostheses), S. aureus reacts differently depending on the contact surface it is exposed to. The experiments we performed in-vitro also showed a higher biofilm formation on rough surfaces compared to flat ones for both species, suggesting that the topography of the implant could influence both biofilm formation and the consequent immune response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24109028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T03:57:32Z","timestamp":1684727852000},"page":"9028","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Interaction of Bacteria, Immune Cells, and Surface Topography in Periprosthetic Joint Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6986-9594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Belgiovine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostics and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2529-3781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Pellegrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4637-1646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Bulgarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7468-2081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca Cecilia","family":"Lauta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Di Claudio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2323-0346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Ciceri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20089 Rozzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3395-3062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Assunta","family":"Cancellara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20089 Rozzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Calcaterra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20089 Rozzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Mavilio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20089 Rozzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Grappiolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione Livio Sciutto Onlus, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi Di Genova, 17100 Savona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katia","family":"Chiappetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione Livio Sciutto Onlus, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi Di Genova, 17100 Savona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8569-0669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattia","family":"Loppini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione Livio Sciutto Onlus, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi Di Genova, 17100 Savona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8385-9296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Rusconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2017.05.016","article-title":"Success Rates, Characteristics, and Costs of Articulating Antibiotic Spacers for Total Knee Periprosthetic Joint 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