{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T15:44:36Z","timestamp":1779291876019,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007530","name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 111-2622-E-038-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2622-E-038-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human noroviruses (HuNoV) are major causes of acute gastroenteritis around the world. The high mutation rate and recombination potential of noroviruses are significant challenges in studying the genetic diversity and evolution pattern of novel strains. In this review, we describe recent advances in the development of technologies for not only the detection but also the analysis of complete genome sequences of noroviruses and the future prospects of detection methods for tracing the evolution and genetic diversity of human noroviruses. The mechanisms of HuNoV infection and the development of antiviral drugs have been hampered by failure to develop the infectious virus in a cell model. However, recent studies have demonstrated the potential of reverse genetics for the recovery and generation of infectious viral particles, suggesting the utility of this genetics-based system as an alternative for studying the mechanisms of viral infection, such as cell entry and replication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24109093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T03:20:06Z","timestamp":1684812006000},"page":"9093","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Molecular and Genetics-Based Systems for Tracing the Evolution and Exploring the Mechanisms of Human Norovirus Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Sheng-Chieh","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9170-5414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geng-Hao","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pei-Chun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chung-Yung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 32023, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Nanotechnology, Institute of Biomedical Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City 32023, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Hsiang","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan-Chang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8483-4664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shih-Yen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan"},{"name":"TMU Research Center for Digestive Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-140-36508","article-title":"Biological properties of Norwalk agent of acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis","volume":"140","author":"Dolin","year":"1972","journal-title":"Proc. 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