{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T22:19:53Z","timestamp":1793225993844,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Viral infections can lead to transplant dysfunction, and their possible role in rejection is described. In total, 218 protocol biopsies performed in 106 children at 6, 12 and 24 months after transplantation were analyzed according to Banff \u201915. RT-PCR for cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, BK virus and Parvovirus B19 was performed on blood and bioptic samples at the time of transplant and each protocol biopsy. The prevalence of intrarenal viral infection increases between 6 and 12 months after transplantation (24% vs. 44%, p = 0.007). Intrarenal Parvovirus B19 infection is also associated with antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) (50% ABMR vs. 19% T-cell-mediated rejection, p = 0.04). Moreover, Parvovirus infection is higher at 12 months of follow-up and it decreases at 48 months (40.4% vs. 14%, p = 0.02), while in 24% of grafts, Parvovirus is already detectable at the moment of transplantation. Intrarenal Parvovirus B19 infection seems to be related to ABMR in pediatric kidney recipients. The graft itself may be the way of transmission for Parvovirus, so performance of a PCR test for Parvovirus B19 should be considered to identify high-risk patients. Intrarenal Parvovirus infection presents mainly during the first-year post-transplantation; thus, we recommend an active surveillance of donor-specific antibodies (DSA) in patients with intrarenal Parvovirus B19 infection during this period. Indeed, it should be considered a treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins in patients with intrarenal Parvovirus B19 infection and DSA positivity, even in the absence of ABMR criteria for kidney biopsy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T09:13:50Z","timestamp":1684833230000},"page":"9147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Pre-Existing Intrarenal Parvovirus B19 Infection May Relate to Antibody-Mediated Rejection in Pediatric Kidney Transplant Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Nicola","family":"Bertazza Partigiani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2229-1502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna","family":"Negrisolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunopathology and Molecular Biology of the Kidney, Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University of Padova, 35127 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Research Institute \u201cIRP Citt\u00e0 della Speranza\u201d, 35127 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Carraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunopathology and Molecular Biology of the Kidney, Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University of Padova, 35127 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Marzenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunopathology and Molecular Biology of the Kidney, Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University of Padova, 35127 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Manaresi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1118-6341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Gallinella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0720-8456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa","family":"Barzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8939-6376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Benetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunopathology and Molecular Biology of the Kidney, Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University of Padova, 35127 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Research Institute \u201cIRP Citt\u00e0 della Speranza\u201d, 35127 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-014-2866-8","article-title":"Viral surveillance and subclinical viral infection in pediatric kidney transplantation","volume":"30","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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