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(AEA), have been proposed as circulating biomarkers of substance use disorders. However, the concentration of these lipid transmitters might be influenced by the use of drugs prescribed for either the treatment of addiction or the associated psychiatric co-morbidities such as psychosis. As an example, neuroleptics, used for attenuation of psychotic symptoms and sedation, might theoretically interfere with the monoamine-mediated production of NAEs, obstructing the interpretation of plasma NAEs as clinical biomarkers. To solve the lack of information on the impact of neuroleptics on the concentration of NAEs, we evaluated the concentrations of NAEs in a control group and compared them to those present in (a) substance use disorders (SUD) patients that are not prescribed with neuroleptics, and (b) SUD patients (both alcohol use disorder and cocaine use disorder patients) using neuroleptics. The results demonstrate that SUD patients exhibited greater concentrations of NAEs than the control population, affecting all species with the exception of stearoylethanolamide (SEA) and palmitoleoylethanolamide (POEA). Neuroleptic treatment enhanced the concentrations of NAEs, especially those of AEA, linoleoylethanolamide (LEA), and oleoylethanolamide (OEA). This effect of neuroleptic treatment was observed independently of the drug addiction that motivated the demand for treatment (either alcohol or cocaine). This study remarks the need to control the current use of psychotropic medication as a potential confounding variable when considering the use of NAEs as biomarkers in SUD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T16:19:37Z","timestamp":1685204377000},"page":"9371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Antipsychotic Medication Influences the Discriminative Value of Acylethanolamides as Biomarkers of Substance Use Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Herrera-Imbroda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Neuropsicofarmacolog\u00eda, IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, Andaluc\u00eda Tech, Campus de Teatinos s\/n, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3489-1465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Flores-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Neuropsicofarmacolog\u00eda, IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nerea","family":"Requena-Oca\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Neuropsicofarmacolog\u00eda, IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5172-8796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Araos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Neuropsicofarmacolog\u00eda, IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Psicolog\u00eda B\u00e1sica, Facultad de Psicolog\u00eda, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Ropero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Neuropsicofarmacolog\u00eda, IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, Hospital Regional Universitario de 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Neuropsicofarmacolog\u00eda, IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Anatom\u00eda, Medicina Legal e Historia de la Ciencia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5256-8904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Pav\u00f3n-Mor\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Cl\u00ednica \u00c1rea del Coraz\u00f3n, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Neuropsicofarmacolog\u00eda, IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9710-9672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferm\u00edn","family":"Mayoral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, Hospital Regional Universitario de M\u00e1laga, 29010 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4516-5795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Rodr\u00edguez de Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Neuropsicofarmacolog\u00eda, IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 M\u00e1laga, Spain"},{"name":"Centro 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