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During host infection, V. dahliae secretes many effectors that manipulate host immunity, among which small cysteine-rich proteins (SCPs) play an important role. However, the exact roles of many SCPs from V. dahliae are unknown and varied. In this study, we show that the small cysteine-rich protein VdSCP23 inhibits cell necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, as well as the reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, electrolyte leakage and the expression of defense-related genes. VdSCP23 is mainly localized in the plant cell plasma membrane and nucleus, but its inhibition of immune responses was independent of its nuclear localization. Site-directed mutagenesis and peptide truncation showed that the inhibition function of VdSCP23 was independent of cysteine residues but was dependent on the N-glycosylation sites and the integrity of VdSCP23 protein structure. Deletion of VdSCP23 did not affect the growth and development of mycelia or conidial production in V. dahliae. Unexpectedly, VdSCP23 deletion strains still maintained their virulence for N. benthamiana, Gossypium hirsutum and Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. This study demonstrates an important role for VdSCP23 in the inhibition of plant immune responses; however, it is not required for normal growth or virulence in V. dahliae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,28]],"date-time":"2023-05-28T15:30:47Z","timestamp":1685287847000},"page":"9403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Verticillium dahliae Small Cysteine-Rich Protein VdSCP23 Manipulates Host Immunity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaobin","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Klosterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA 93905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5012-5114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8040-099X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jieyin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishna V.","family":"Subbarao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA 93905, USA"},{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, c\/o U.S. Agricultural Research Station, Salinas, CA 93905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dandan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-phyto-080614-120114","article-title":"Understanding plant immunity as a surveillance system to detect invasion","volume":"53","author":"Cook","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. 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