{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T15:36:15Z","timestamp":1789140975544,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recurrent miscarriage (RM) can be defined as two or more consecutive miscarriages before 20 weeks\u2019 gestation. Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) play an important role in endometrial angiogenesis and decidualization, prerequisites for successful pregnancy outcomes. We conducted a systematic review of the published literature investigating the role of VEGFs in RM. In particular, we explored the methodological inconsistencies between the published reports on this topic. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic literature review to examine the role of VEGFs in RM. Our systematic search followed PRISMA guidelines. Three databases, Medline (Ovid), PubMed, and Embase, were searched. Assessment-bias analyses were conducted using the Joanna Bigger Institute critical appraisal method for case-control studies. Thirteen papers were included in the final analyses. These studies included 677 cases with RM and 724 controls. Endometrial levels of VEGFs were consistently lower in RM cases compared to controls. There were no consistent significant findings with respect to VEGFs levels in decidua, fetoplacental tissues, and serum when RM cases were compared to controls. The interpretation of studies that explored the relationship between VEGFs and RM is hampered by inconsistencies in defining clinical, sampling, and analytical variables. To clarify the association between VEGF and RM in future studies, researchers ideally should use similarly defined clinical groups, similar samples collected in the same way, and laboratory analyses undertaken using the same methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T07:54:16Z","timestamp":1685346856000},"page":"9449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Association of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VEGFs) with Recurrent Miscarriage: A Systematic Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Nadine","family":"Abu-Ghazaleh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Pregnancy Research Centre, Royal Women\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaun","family":"Brennecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Pregnancy Research Centre, Royal Women\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2535-5134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Padma","family":"Murthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Pregnancy Research Centre, Royal Women\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9367-4611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijaya","family":"Karanam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Pregnancy Research Centre, Royal Women\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The ESHRE Guideline Group on RPL, Bender Atik, R., Christiansen, O.B., Elson, J., Kolte, A.M., Lewis, S., Middeldorp, S., Nelen, W., Peramo, B., and Quenby, S. 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