{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:35:52Z","timestamp":1783488952848,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation for the Horse"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The equine chorionic girdle is comprised of specialized invasive trophoblast cells that begin formation approximately 25 days after ovulation (day 0) and invade the endometrium to become endometrial cups. These specialized trophoblast cells transition from uninucleate to differentiated binucleate trophoblast cells that secrete the glycoprotein hormone equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG; formerly known as pregnant mare serum gonadotropin or PMSG). This eCG has LH-like activity in the horse but variable LH- and FSH-like activity in other species and has been utilized for these properties both in vivo and in vitro. To produce eCG commercially, large volumes of whole blood must be collected from pregnant mares, which negatively impacts equine welfare due to repeated blood collections and the birth of an unwanted foal. Attempts to produce eCG in vitro using long-term culture of chorionic girdle explants have not been successful beyond 180 days, with peak eCG production at 30 days of culture. Organoids are three-dimensional cell clusters that self-organize and can remain genetically and phenotypically stable throughout long-term culture (i.e., months). Human trophoblast organoids have been reported to successfully produce human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and proliferate long-term (&gt;1 year). The objective of this study was to evaluate whether organoids derived from equine chorionic girdle maintain physiological functionality. Here we show generation of chorionic girdle organoids for the first time and demonstrate in vitro production of eCG for up to 6 weeks in culture. Therefore, equine chorionic girdle organoids provide a physiologically representative 3D in vitro model for chorionic girdle development of early equine pregnancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T03:59:35Z","timestamp":1685505575000},"page":"9538","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Production of Mare Chorionic Girdle Organoids That Secrete Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1592-1307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riley E.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"},{"name":"Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mindy A.","family":"Meyers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"},{"name":"Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2768-8028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. N. Rao","family":"Veeramachaneni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1658-0404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christianne","family":"Magee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9422-2370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda M.","family":"de Mestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas F.","family":"Antczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona K.","family":"Hollinshead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"},{"name":"Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0290313","article-title":"The origin of the equine endometrial cups","volume":"29","author":"Allen","year":"1972","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1053\/plac.2001.0707","article-title":"A Structural and Immunological Study of Chorionic Gonadotrophin Production by Equine Trophoblast Girdle and Cup Cells","volume":"22","author":"Wooding","year":"2001","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0430593","article-title":"The immunological measurement of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin","volume":"43","author":"Allen","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. 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