{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T23:59:35Z","timestamp":1791331175288,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agencia Nacional para la Promoci\u00f3n de la Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda, Argentina","award":["PICT2017-2435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT2017-2435"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional para la Promoci\u00f3n de la Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda, Argentina","award":["PICT2018-713"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT2018-713"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional para la Promoci\u00f3n de la Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda, Argentina","award":["PICT-2021-CAT-II-00073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT-2021-CAT-II-00073"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The genetically related assemblages of the intestinal protozoa parasite Giardia lamblia are morphologically indistinguishable and are often derived from specific hosts. The Giardia assemblages are separated by large genetic distances, which might account for their relevant biological and pathogenic differences. In this work, we analyzed the RNAs cargo released into exosomal-like vesicles (ElVs) by the assemblages A and B, which differentially infect humans, and the assemblage E, which infects hoofed animals. The RNA sequencing analysis revealed that the ElVs of each assemblage contained distinct small RNA (sRNA) biotypes, suggesting a preference for specific packaging in each assemblage. These sRNAs were classified into three categories, ribosomal-small RNAs (rsRNAs), messenger-small RNAs (msRNAs), and transfer-small RNAs (tsRNAs), which may play a regulatory role in parasite communication and contribute to host-specificity and pathogenesis. Uptake experiments showed, for the first time, that ElVs were successfully internalized by the parasite trophozoites. Furthermore, we observed that the sRNAs contained inside these ElVs were first located below the plasma membrane but then distributed along the cytoplasm. Overall, the study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the host-specificity and pathogenesis of G. lamblia and highlights the potential role of sRNAs in parasite communication and regulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T03:06:00Z","timestamp":1685588760000},"page":"9559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The Exosome-like Vesicles of Giardia Assemblages A, B, and E Are Involved in the Delivering of Distinct Small RNA from Parasite to Parasite"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9928-1748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lautaro","family":"Natali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica Mercedes y Mart\u00edn Ferreyra, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (INIMEC-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba 5016, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Luna Pizarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica Mercedes y Mart\u00edn Ferreyra, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (INIMEC-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba 5016, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sof\u00eda","family":"Moyano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica Mercedes y Mart\u00edn Ferreyra, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (INIMEC-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba 5016, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6800-6634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"de la Cruz-Thea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica Mercedes y Mart\u00edn Ferreyra, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (INIMEC-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba 5016, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Musso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica Mercedes y Mart\u00edn Ferreyra, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (INIMEC-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba 5016, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea S.","family":"R\u00f3polo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica Mercedes y Mart\u00edn Ferreyra, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (INIMEC-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba 5016, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Eichner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regensburg Center for Biochemistry (RCB), Laboratory for RNA Biology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunter","family":"Meister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regensburg Center for Biochemistry (RCB), Laboratory for RNA Biology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melina M.","family":"Musri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica Mercedes y Mart\u00edn Ferreyra, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones 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Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sprong, H., Caccio, S.M., and van der Giessen, J.W. 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