{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T01:50:48Z","timestamp":1792029048805,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R01GM122059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM122059"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01AG073338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG073338"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the development of therapeutic strategies for human diseases, preclinical experimental models have a key role. However, the preclinical immunomodulatory therapies developed using rodent sepsis were not successful in human clinical trials. Sepsis is characterized by a dysregulated inflammation and redox imbalance triggered by infection. Human sepsis is simulated in experimental models using methods that trigger inflammation or infection in the host animals, most often mice or rats. It remains unknown whether the characteristics of the host species, the methods used to induce sepsis, or the molecular processes focused upon need to be revisited in the development of treatment methods that will succeed in human clinical trials. Our goal in this review is to provide a survey of existing experimental models of sepsis, including the use of humanized mice and dirty mice, and to show how these models reflect the clinical course of sepsis. We will discuss the strengths and limitations of these models and present recent advances in this subject area. We maintain that rodent models continue to have an irreplaceable role in studies toward discovering treatment methods for human sepsis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T03:06:00Z","timestamp":1685588760000},"page":"9578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Advances in Rodent Experimental Models of Sepsis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Lun","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Rodgers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7105-1185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nick","family":"Schoenmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raghavan Pillai","family":"Raju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32989-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990\u20132017: Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"395","author":"Rudd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA-J. 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