{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T21:07:48Z","timestamp":1761253668017,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministero Italiano dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","award":["PON ARS01_01081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PON ARS01_01081"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is characterised by the expansion of a neoplastic mature B cell clone. CLL clinical outcome is very heterogeneous, with some subjects never requiring therapy and some showing an aggressive disease. Genetic and epigenetic alterations and pro-inflammatory microenvironment influence CLL progression and prognosis. The involvement of immune-mediated mechanisms in CLL control needs to be investigated. We analyse the activation profile of innate and adaptive cytotoxic immune effectors in a cohort of 26 CLL patients with stable disease, as key elements for immune-mediated control of cancer progression. We observed an increase in CD54 expression and interferon (IFN)-\u03b3 production by cytotoxic T cells (CTL). CTL ability to recognise tumour-targets depends on human leukocyte antigens (HLA)-class I expression. We observed a decreased expression of HLA-A and HLA-BC on B cells of CLL subjects, associated with a significant reduction in intracellular calnexin that is relevant for HLA surface expression. Natural killer (NK) cells and CTL from CLL subjects show an increased expression of the activating receptor KIR2DS2 and a reduction of 3DL1 and NKG2A inhibiting molecules. Therefore, an activation profile characterises CTL and NK cells of CLL subjects with stable disease. This profile is conceivable with the functional involvement of cytotoxic effectors in CLL control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T03:06:00Z","timestamp":1685588760000},"page":"9596","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Adaptive and Innate Cytotoxic Effectors in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL) Subjects with Stable Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5646-2795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Rubino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flavia","family":"Carriero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna Teresa","family":"Palatucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Giovazzino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Leone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valerio","family":"Nicolella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1661-8158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Calabr\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0678-6066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosangela","family":"Montanaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0063-659X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Brancaleone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2563-4125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Pane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Chiurazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8975-6001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Ruggiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3556-6891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Terrazzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30422-7","article-title":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","volume":"391","author":"Hallek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-019-0239-8","article-title":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: From genetics to treatment","volume":"16","author":"Bosch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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