{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T22:09:09Z","timestamp":1790633349390,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minister of Education (MOE) in Singapore","award":["RG111\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG111\/20"]}]},{"name":"Minister of Education (MOE) in Singapore","award":["RG34\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG34\/22"]}]},{"name":"Minister of Education (MOE) in Singapore","award":["RG111\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG111\/20"]}]},{"name":"Minister of Education (MOE) in Singapore","award":["RG34\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG34\/22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial fatty acids derived from natural sources and renewable feedstocks are promising surface-active substances with a wide range of applications. Their ability to target bacterial membrane in multiple mechanisms offers a promising antimicrobial approach for combating bacterial infections and preventing the development of drug-resistant strains, and it provides a sustainable strategy that aligns with growing environmental awareness compared to their synthetic counterparts. However, the interaction and destabilization of bacterial cell membranes by these amphiphilic compounds are not yet fully understood. Here, we investigated the concentration-dependent and time-dependent membrane interaction between long-chain unsaturated fatty acids\u2014linolenic acid (LNA, C18:3), linoleic (LLA, C18:2), and oleic acid (OA, C18:1)\u2014and the supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) using quartz crystal microbalance-dissipation (QCM-D) and fluorescence microscopy. We first determined the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of each compound using a fluorescence spectrophotometer and monitored the membrane interaction in real time following fatty acid treatment, whereby all micellar fatty acids elicited membrane-active behavior primarily above their respective CMC values. Specifically, LNA and LLA, which have higher degrees of unsaturation and CMC values of 160 \u00b5M and 60 \u00b5M, respectively, caused significant changes in the membrane with net |\u0394f| shifts of 23.2 \u00b1 0.8 Hz and 21.4 \u00b1 0.6 Hz and \u0394D shifts of 5.2 \u00b1 0.5 \u00d7 10\u22126 and 7.4 \u00b1 0.5 \u00d7 10\u22126. On the other hand, OA, with the lowest unsaturation degree and CMC value of 20 \u00b5M, produced relatively less membrane change with a net |\u0394f| shift of 14.6 \u00b1 2.2 Hz and \u0394D shift of 8.8 \u00b1 0.2 \u00d7 10\u22126. Both LNA and LLA required higher concentrations than OA to initiate membrane remodeling as their CMC values increased with the degree of unsaturation. Upon incubating with fluorescence-labeled model membranes, the fatty acids induced tubular morphological changes at concentrations above CMC. Taken together, our findings highlight the critical role of self-aggregation properties and the degree of unsaturated bonds in unsaturated long-chain fatty acids upon modulating membrane destabilization, suggesting potential applications in developing sustainable and effective antimicrobial strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T02:41:35Z","timestamp":1685673695000},"page":"9639","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Lipid Membrane Remodeling by the Micellar Aggregation of Long-Chain Unsaturated Fatty Acids for Sustainable Antimicrobial Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Sungmin","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0459-5879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunhyuk","family":"Tae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soohyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8692-8955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nam-Joon","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65757","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA11101C","article-title":"A review on natural surfactants","volume":"5","author":"De","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2174\/157489112801619728","article-title":"Potential applications of antimicrobial fatty acids in medicine, agriculture and other industries","volume":"7","author":"Desbois","year":"2012","journal-title":"Recent Pat. 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