{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T01:10:34Z","timestamp":1792458634033,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammation has been described for two millennia, but cellular aspects and the paradigm involving different mediators have been identified in the recent century. Two main groups of molecules, the prostaglandins (PG) and the cytokines, have been discovered and play a major role in inflammatory processes. The activation of prostaglandins PGE2, PGD2 and PGI2 results in prominent symptoms during cardiovascular and rheumatoid diseases. The balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory compounds is nowadays a challenge for more targeted therapeutic approaches. The first cytokine was described more than a century ago and is now a part of different families of cytokines (38 interleukins), including the IL-1 and IL-6 families and TNF and TGF\u03b2 families. Cytokines can perform a dual role, being growth promotors or inhibitors and having pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. The complex interactions between cytokines, vascular cells and immune cells are responsible for dramatic conditions and lead to the concept of cytokine storm observed during sepsis, multi-organ failure and, recently, in some cases of COVID-19 infection. Cytokines such as interferon and hematopoietic growth factor have been used as therapy. Alternatively, the inhibition of cytokine functions has been largely developed using anti-interleukin or anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of sepsis or chronic inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T02:41:35Z","timestamp":1685673695000},"page":"9647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":193,"title":["Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Prostaglandins and Cytokines in Humans: A Mini Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6826-2312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Luc","family":"Wautier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 Denis Diderot Paris Cit\u00e9, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Paule","family":"Wautier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 Denis Diderot Paris Cit\u00e9, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1126\/science.180.4087.713","article-title":"Structural studies of immunoglobulins","volume":"180","author":"Porter","year":"1973","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"303","article-title":"Disturbance of function (functio laesa): The legendary fifth cardinal sign of inflammation, added by Galen to the four cardinal signs of Celsus","volume":"47","author":"Rather","year":"1971","journal-title":"Bull. N. Y. Acad. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wautier, J.L., and Wautier, M.P. (2022). Old and New Blood Markers in Human Colorectal Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232112968"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580117","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.580117","article-title":"Non-inflammatory Physiology of \u201cInflammatory\u201d Mediators\u2014Unalamation, a New Paradigm","volume":"11","author":"Maddipati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wautier, J.L., and Wautier, M.P. (2020). Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Blood Cell-Endothelium Interactions in Vascular Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155315"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6130","DOI":"10.1021\/cr200085w","article-title":"Phospholipase A2 enzymes: Physical structure, biological function, disease implication, chemical inhibition, and therapeutic intervention","volume":"111","author":"Dennis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.207449","article-title":"Prostaglandins and inflammation","volume":"31","author":"Ricciotti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI6899","article-title":"Impaired mucosal defense to acute colonic injury in mice lacking cyclooxygenase-1 or cyclooxygenase-2","volume":"105","author":"Morteau","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1126\/science.294.5548.1871","article-title":"Prostaglandins and leukotrienes: Advances in eicosanoid biology","volume":"294","author":"Funk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2009.09.015","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 at new glance: Novel insights in functional diversity offer therapeutic chances","volume":"42","author":"Legler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.01157.x","article-title":"Neuronal oxidative damage from activated innate immunity is EP2 receptor-dependent","volume":"83","author":"Montine","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI23618","article-title":"Spinal inflammatory hyperalgesia is mediated by prostaglandin E receptors of the EP2 subtype","volume":"115","author":"Reinold","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2007.00110.x","article-title":"Consequences of altered eicosanoid patterns for nociceptive processing in mPGES-1-deficient mice","volume":"12","author":"Brenneis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2006.01.016","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 synthesis and secretion: The role of PGE2 synthases","volume":"119","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1968","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2-EP4 signaling promotes immune inflammation through Th1 cell differentiation and Th17 cell expansion","volume":"15","author":"Yao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.08.021","article-title":"Cellular and molecular biology of prostacyclin synthase","volume":"338","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.143.9.2982","article-title":"The major source of endogenous prostaglandin D2 production is likely antigen-presenting cells. Localization of glutathione-requiring prostaglandin D synthetase in histiocytes, dendritic, and Kupffer cells in various rat tissues","volume":"143","author":"Urade","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2005.10.004","article-title":"Positioning prostanoids of the D and J series in the immunopathogenic scheme","volume":"102","author":"Herlong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11713","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)44287-6","article-title":"Albumin-catalyzed metabolism of prostaglandin D2. Identification of products formed in vitro","volume":"258","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10459","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110314200","article-title":"15-deoxy-delta 12,14-prostaglandin J2. A prostaglandin D2 metabolite generated during inflammatory processes","volume":"277","author":"Shibata","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90193-0","article-title":"15-Deoxy-delta 12, 14-prostaglandin J2 is a ligand for the adipocyte determination factor PPAR gamma","volume":"83","author":"Forman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198012113032405","article-title":"Increased production of prostaglandin D2 in patients with systemic mastocytosis","volume":"303","author":"Roberts","year":"1980","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3936","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.8.3936","article-title":"Prostaglandin D2 inhibits airway dendritic cell migration and function in steady state conditions by selective activation of the D prostanoid receptor 1","volume":"171","author":"Hammad","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.82.2.204","article-title":"Prostaglandin D2 inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in rat vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"82","author":"Nagoshi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200207000-00021","article-title":"Endogenous prostaglandin D2 synthesis reduces an increase in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 following interleukin stimulation in bovine endothelial cells","volume":"20","author":"Negoro","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/newbio231232a0","article-title":"Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action for aspirin-like drugs","volume":"231","author":"Vane","year":"1971","journal-title":"Nat. New Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulesza, A., Paczek, L., and Burdzinska, A. (2023). The Role of COX-2 and PGE2 in the Regulation of Immunomodulation and Other Functions of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11020445"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.9.13.7557022","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies related to nitric oxide","volume":"9","author":"Moncada","year":"1995","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jo-Watanabe, A., Okuno, T., and Yokomizo, T. (2019). The Role of Leukotrienes as Potential Therapeutic Targets in Allergic Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20143580"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-008-6140-9","article-title":"Leukotriene signaling in atherosclerosis and ischemia","volume":"23","author":"Back","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2026131","article-title":"Cytokine Storm","volume":"383","author":"Fajgenbaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-016-0480-6","article-title":"Role of Anti-inflammatory Cytokines IL-35 and IL-37 in Asthma","volume":"40","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2016-0215","article-title":"IL-1 family cytokines in cancer immunity\u2014A matter of life and death","volume":"397","author":"Mora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.06.017","article-title":"The interleukin (IL)-1 cytokine family\u2014Balance between agonists and antagonists in inflammatory diseases","volume":"76","author":"Palomo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.03.012","article-title":"Interleukin-1 and Related Cytokines in the Regulation of Inflammation and Immunity","volume":"50","author":"Mantovani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a028415","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a028415","article-title":"Interleukin-6 Family Cytokines","volume":"10","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2011.01.034","article-title":"The pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of the cytokine interleukin-6","volume":"1813","author":"Scheller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S233","DOI":"10.1186\/ar565","article-title":"The paradigm of IL-6: From basic science to medicine","volume":"4","author":"Naka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20081571","article-title":"The induction of antibody production by IL-6 is indirectly mediated by IL-21 produced by CD4+ T cells","volume":"206","author":"Dienz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1996.d01-820.x","article-title":"Blood monocyte activation in rheumatoid arthritis: Increased monocyte adhesiveness, integrin expression, and cytokine release","volume":"106","author":"Liote","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347141","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/347141","article-title":"Roles of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of SLE","volume":"2012","author":"Su","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-003-0689-y","article-title":"Cytokines in sural nerve biopsies from inflammatory and non-inflammatory neuropathies","volume":"105","author":"Lindenlaub","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3720","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-07-273417","article-title":"Interleukin-1 in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory diseases","volume":"117","author":"Dinarello","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795315","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.795315","article-title":"Immunotherapy of COVID-19: Inside and Beyond IL-6 Signalling","volume":"13","author":"Zizzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.319077","article-title":"Interleukin-6 Signaling and Anti-Interleukin-6 Therapeutics in Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"128","author":"Ridker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-04-325225","article-title":"Historical perspectives on tumor necrosis factor and its superfamily: 25 years later, a golden journey","volume":"119","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03932.x","article-title":"Endothelial atheroprotective and anti-inflammatory mechanisms","volume":"947","author":"Berk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26079","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.42.26079","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 1 signaling downstream of TNF receptor-associated factor 2. Nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB)-inducing kinase requirement for activation of activating protein 1 and NFkappaB but not of c-Jun N-terminal kinase\/stress-activated protein kinase","volume":"272","author":"Natoli","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2010.09.003","article-title":"Golimumab: Review of the efficacy and tolerability of a recently approved tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor","volume":"32","author":"Boyce","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a021873","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a021873","article-title":"TGF-beta and the TGF-beta Family: Context-Dependent Roles in Cell and Tissue Physiology","volume":"8","author":"Morikawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90155-8","article-title":"TGF-beta stimulation and inhibition of cell proliferation: New mechanistic insights","volume":"63","author":"Moses","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1388806","article-title":"Smad3-dependent nuclear translocation of beta-catenin is required for TGF-beta1-induced proliferation of bone marrow-derived adult human mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"20","author":"Jian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2011.06.002","article-title":"More than being protective: Functional roles for TGF-beta\/activin signaling pathways at central synapses","volume":"34","author":"Krieglstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606489","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.606489","article-title":"The Role of Structure in the Biology of Interferon Signaling","volume":"11","author":"Walter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104622","article-title":"Interleukin-10 and related cytokines and receptors","volume":"22","author":"Pestka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-031210-101312","article-title":"Regulation and functions of the IL-10 family of cytokines in inflammation and disease","volume":"29","author":"Ouyang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-5769(03)00131-0","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory properties of pro-inflammatory interferon-gamma","volume":"3","author":"Muhl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.117.4.1162","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory cytokines","volume":"117","author":"Opal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13212","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69984-y","article-title":"Elevation in the counts of IL-35-producing B cells infiltrating into lung tissue in mycobacterial infection is associated with the downregulation of Th1\/Th17 and upregulation of Foxp3(+)Treg","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2016.09.005","article-title":"Anemia of Inflammation","volume":"101","author":"Fraenkel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2014.04.005","article-title":"Anemia of inflammation","volume":"28","author":"Nemeth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-05-552729","article-title":"Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of cytokine release syndrome","volume":"124","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1215134","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells for acute lymphoid leukemia","volume":"368","author":"Grupp","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.09914.x","article-title":"Anemia management and chronic renal failure progression","volume":"68","author":"Rossert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019003945","article-title":"How I treat anemia in the perisurgical setting","volume":"136","author":"Shander","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-13-0151","article-title":"The colony-stimulating factors and cancer","volume":"1","author":"Metcalf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2018.212845","article-title":"Thrombopoietin receptor agonists: Ten years later","volume":"104","author":"Ghanima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2008-0366","article-title":"Preclinical activity of eltrombopag (SB-497115), an oral, nonpeptide thrombopoietin receptor agonist","volume":"27","author":"Delorme","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2003.05.001","article-title":"AMG531 stimulates megakaryopoiesis in vitro by binding to Mpl","volume":"25","author":"Broudy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707914","article-title":"Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease","volume":"377","author":"Ridker","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/11\/9647\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:47:28Z","timestamp":1760125648000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/11\/9647"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24119647"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24119647","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]}}}