{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:54:35Z","timestamp":1790949275382,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education","award":["ST-66"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST-66"]}]},{"name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education","award":["ST 01-10023 (0004978)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST 01-10023 (0004978)"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Gda\u0144sk","award":["ST-66"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST-66"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Gda\u0144sk","award":["ST 01-10023 (0004978)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST 01-10023 (0004978)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitiligo is an acquired chronic depigmenting disorder of skin. It is mostly asymptomatic and characterized by amelanotic macules and patches that affects 0.5% to 2% of the world\u2019s population. The etiology of vitiligo has not been clearly elucidated and multiple theories have been proposed regarding the causes of the disorder. Among the most prevalent theories, the genetic predisposition, oxidative stress theory, promotion of cellular stress and pathologic influence of lymphocytes T have been highlighted. As a result of increases in in-depth knowledge concerning the pathogenetic processes in vitiligo, we review the most recent information concerning its etiopathogenesis and treatment methods including topical and oral Janus kinase inhibitors, prostaglandins and their analogues, namely afamelanotide, Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin-signaling agonists and cell-based therapies. Topical ruxolitinib has been registered for vitiligo treatment, whereas other agents as oral ritlecitinib, afamelanotide and latanoprost have been studied in ongoing clinical trials. New highly effective therapeutic strategies may be developed thanks to molecular and genetic studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T04:01:47Z","timestamp":1685937707000},"page":"9749","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Etiopathogenesis and Emerging Methods for Treatment of Vitiligo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6944-1383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Iwanowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermedica, Aleja Zwyci\u0119stwa 34, 80-219 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5977-2126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karol","family":"Ko\u0142kowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatological Students Scientific Association, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4768-1387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman Janusz","family":"Nowicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7626-3689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Soko\u0142owska-Wojdy\u0142o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Cai, Y., Shi, M., Jiang, S., Cui, S., Wu, Y., Gao, X.H., and Chen, H.D. 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