{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:14:14Z","timestamp":1760148854751,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022R1F1A1068614"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1F1A1068614"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dentin regeneration is the preferred method used to preserve dental pulp vitality after pulp exposure due to caries. Red light-emitting diode irradiation (LEDI), which is based on photobiomodulation (PBM), has been used to promote hard-tissue regeneration. However, the underlying mechanism still needs elucidation. This study aimed to explore the mechanism involved in red LEDI affecting dentin regeneration. Alizarin red S (ARS) staining revealed that red LEDI induced mineralization of human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) in vitro. We further distinguished the cell proliferation (0\u20136 d), differentiation (6\u201312 d), and mineralization (12\u201318 d) of HDPCs in vitro and treated cells either with or without red LEDI in each stage. The results showed that red LEDI treatment in the mineralization stage, but not the proliferation or differentiation stages, increased mineralized nodule formation around HDPCs. Western blot also indicated that red LEDI treatment in the mineralization stage, but not the proliferation or differentiation stages, upregulated the expression of dentin matrix marker proteins (dentin sialophosphoprotein, DSPP; dentin matrix protein 1, DMP1; osteopontin, OPN) and an intracellular secretory vesicle marker protein (lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1, LAMP1). Therefore, the red LEDI might enhance the matrix vesicle secretion of HDPCs. On the molecular level, red LEDI enhanced mineralization by activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways (ERK and P38). ERK and P38 inhibition reduced mineralized nodule formation and the expression of relevant marker proteins. In summary, red LEDI enhanced the mineralization of HDPCs by functioning to produce a positive effect in the mineralization stage in vitro.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T02:57:30Z","timestamp":1686020250000},"page":"9767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of Red LED Irradiation in Enhancing the Mineralization of Human Dental Pulp Cells In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8234-6421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Implant Center, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China"},{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8528-9314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ok-Su","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Hard-Tissue Biointerface Research Center, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5254-362X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China"},{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8017-1835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin-Na","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenqi","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siyu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae-Seok","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Byunggook","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6347-1411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Okjoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, G., and Yang, Y. 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