{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T14:40:36Z","timestamp":1787928036695,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Congenital growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is a rare disease caused by disorders affecting the morphogenesis and function of the pituitary gland. It is sometimes found in isolation but is more frequently associated with multiple pituitary hormone deficiency. In some cases, GHD may have a genetic basis. The many clinical signs and symptoms include hypoglycaemia, neonatal cholestasis and micropenis. Diagnosis should be made by laboratory analyses of the growth hormone and other pituitary hormones, rather than by cranial imaging with magnetic resonance imaging. When diagnosis is confirmed, hormone replacement should be initiated. Early GH replacement therapy leads to more positive outcomes, including reduced hypoglycaemia, growth recovery, metabolic asset, and neurodevelopmental improvements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241210114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T01:32:57Z","timestamp":1686792777000},"page":"10114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Management of Neonatal Isolated and Combined Growth Hormone Deficiency: Current Status"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2259-4685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Stagi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Meyer Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Tufano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Unit, Mugello\u2019s Hospital, 50032 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00f2","family":"Chiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Cerutti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Li Pomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1754-6822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Aversa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8299-2677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Wasniewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14264","article-title":"Diagnosis of severe growth hormone deficiency in the newborn","volume":"93","author":"Binder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. 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