{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:41:01Z","timestamp":1790628061251,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SNBTS-funded PhD studentship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) show promise as cellular therapeutics. Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the skin and the joints. Injury, trauma, infection and medications can trigger psoriasis by disrupting epidermal keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, which activates the innate immune system. Pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion drives a T helper 17 response and an imbalance of regulatory T cells. We hypothesized that MSC adoptive cellular therapy could immunomodulate and suppress the effector T cell hyperactivation that underlies the disease. We used the imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation model to study the therapeutic potential of bone marrow and adipose tissue-derived MSC in vivo. We compared the secretome and the in vivo therapeutic potential of MSC with and without cytokine pre-challenge (\u201clicensing\u201d). The infusion of both unlicensed and licensed MSC accelerated the healing of psoriatic lesions, and reduced epidermal thickness and CD3+ T cell infiltration while promoting the upregulation of IL-17A and TGF-\u03b2. Concomitantly, the expression of keratinocyte differentiation markers in the skin was decreased. However, unlicensed MSC promoted the resolution of skin inflammation more efficiently. We show that MSC adoptive therapy upregulates the transcription and secretion of pro-regenerative and immunomodulatory molecules in the psoriatic lesion. Accelerated healing is associated with the secretion of TGF-\u03b2 and IL-6 in the skin and MSC drives the production of IL-17A and restrains T-cell-mediated pathology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241210132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T01:32:57Z","timestamp":1686792777000},"page":"10132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["IL-6 and TGF-\u03b2-Secreting Adoptively-Transferred Murine Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Accelerate Healing of Psoriasis-like Skin Inflammation and Upregulate IL-17A and TGF-\u03b2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1976-6298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nerea","family":"Cuesta-Gomez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Medina-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard J.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7752-7642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John D. M.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK"},{"name":"Tissues, Cells and Advanced Therapeutics, The Jack Copland Centre, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Currie EH14 4AP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02376","article-title":"Neutrophils in Psoriasis","volume":"10","author":"Chiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-214065","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis","volume":"78","author":"Sewerin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e028116","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-028116","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of psoriasis in Denmark: Findings from the Danish skin cohort","volume":"9","author":"Egeberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP7","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672118823121","article-title":"Psoriasis-associated progressive necrotizing posterior scleritis: A 6-year follow-up","volume":"30","author":"Amer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01390","article-title":"T Cell Hierarchy in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis and Associated Cardiovascular Comorbidities","volume":"9","author":"Casciano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1159\/000495291","article-title":"Psoriasis: Keratinocytes or Immune Cells\u2014Which Is the Trigger?","volume":"235","author":"Benhadou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050500","article-title":"Plasmacytoid predendritic cells initiate psoriasis through interferon-\u03b1 production","volume":"202","author":"Nestle","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5701213","article-title":"Psoriasis Vulgaris Lesions Contain Discrete Populations of Th1 and Th17 T Cells","volume":"128","author":"Lowes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1092","article-title":"Th17 cytokines interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22 modulate distinct inflammatory and keratinocyte-response pathways","volume":"159","author":"Nograles","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01549","article-title":"The Interplay Between Keratinocytes and Immune Cells in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis","volume":"9","author":"Albanesi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4031","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI93396","article-title":"Clinically resolved psoriatic lesions contain psoriasis-specific IL-17\u2013producing \u03b1\u03b2 T cell clones","volume":"127","author":"Matos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3111","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302313","article-title":"Epidermal Th22 and Tc17 Cells Form a Localized Disease Memory in Clinically Healed Psoriasis","volume":"192","author":"Cheuk","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.139","article-title":"Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells of Psoriasis Patients Easily Differentiate into IL-17A-Producing Cells and Are Found in Lesional Skin","volume":"131","author":"Bovenschen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"281","article-title":"Human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2015.6368","article-title":"Effects of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Transduced with Superoxide Dismutase on Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis-Like Skin Inflammation in Mice","volume":"24","author":"Sah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antioxidants Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6961052","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6961052","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells Alleviate Moderate-to-Severe Psoriasis by Reducing the Production of Type I Interferon (IFN-I) by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells (pDCs)","volume":"2019","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2015.12.007","article-title":"Immunosuppressive effect of adipose-derived stromal cells on imiquimod-induced psoriasis in mice","volume":"82","author":"Rokunohe","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-018-0165-3","article-title":"Human Embryonic Stem Cells-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Reduce the Symptom of Psoriasis in Imiquimod-Induced Skin Model","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14768","article-title":"Human amnion-derived mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate imiquimod-induced psoriasiform dermatitis in mice","volume":"46","author":"Imai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1022","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2423","article-title":"Tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells (T-MSCs) prevent Th17-mediated autoimmune response via regulation of the programmed death-1\/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-1\/PD-L1) pathway","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13141","article-title":"Indirect co-cultures of healthy mesenchymal stem cells restore the physiological phenotypical profile of psoriatic mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"193","author":"Campanati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2147\/IMCRJ.S163612","article-title":"First-in-man intravenous implantation of stromal vascular fraction in psoriasis: A case study","volume":"11","author":"Comella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Med. Case Rep. J."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"8309103","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell Conditioned Media Ameliorate Psoriasis Vulgaris: A Case Study","volume":"2019","author":"Seetharaman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Case Rep. Dermatol. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Owczarczyk-Saczonek, A., Krajewska-W\u0142odarczyk, M., Kruszewska, A., Placek, W., Maksymowicz, W., and Wojtkiewicz, J. (2017). Stem Cells as Potential Candidates for Psoriasis Cell-Replacement Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102182"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laroye, C., Gauthier, M., Antonot, H., Decot, V., Reppel, L., and Bensoussan, D. (2019). Mesenchymal Stem\/Stromal Cell Production Compliant with Good Manufacturing Practice: Comparison between Bone Marrow, the Gold Standard Adult Source, and Wharton\u2019s Jelly, an Extraembryonic Source. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8122207"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2006.01.010","article-title":"Fat tissue: An underappreciated source of stem cells for biotechnology","volume":"24","author":"Fraser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2015.2413","article-title":"Comparison of molecular profiles of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, placenta and adipose tissue","volume":"37","author":"Heo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-811X-9-12","article-title":"Different populations and sources of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC): A comparison of adult and neonatal tissue-derived MSC","volume":"9","author":"Hass","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2012.11.010","article-title":"Comparison of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose and cord tissue","volume":"15","author":"Choudhery","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37801","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37801","article-title":"Adipose Stem Cells Display Higher Regenerative Capacities and More Adaptable Electro-Kinetic Properties Compared to Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells","volume":"6","author":"Amer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2005-0008","article-title":"Role for Interferon-\u03b3 in the Immunomodulatory Activity of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"24","author":"Krampera","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03422.x","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b3 does not break, but promotes the immunosuppressive capacity of adult human mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"149","author":"Ryan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2007.11.014","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Mediated Immunosuppression Occurs via Concerted Action of Chemokines and Nitric Oxide","volume":"2","author":"Ren","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200738129","article-title":"IFN-\u03b3 activation of mesenchymal stem cells for treatment and prevention of graft versus host disease","volume":"38","author":"Polchert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2017.07.009","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b3 suppresses the proliferation and migration of human placenta-derived mesenchmal stromal cells and enhances their ability to induce the generation of CD4 + CXCR5 + Foxp3 + Treg subset","volume":"326","author":"Yi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3003","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2013.0028","article-title":"IFN-\u03b3 Stimulated Human Umbilical-Tissue-Derived Cells Potently Suppress NK Activation and Resist NK-Mediated Cytotoxicity In Vitro","volume":"22","author":"Noone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2009.157","article-title":"Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Treatment of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis","volume":"17","author":"Rafei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.18-0070","article-title":"Commitment to Aerobic Glycolysis Sustains Immunosuppression of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4379","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i14.4379","article-title":"Failure of interferon-\u03b3 pre-treated mesenchymal stem cell treatment in a patient with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Taddio","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4057","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-03-1004","article-title":"Allogeneic marrow stromal cells are immune rejected by MHC class I\u2013 and class II\u2013mismatched recipient mice","volume":"106","author":"Eliopoulos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-017-0503-8","article-title":"Repeated intra-articular injection of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells causes an adverse response compared to autologous cells in the equine model","volume":"8","author":"Joswig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-1811(03)00107-5","article-title":"Downregulation of TGF\u03b2 isoforms and their receptors contributes to keratinocyte hyperproliferation in psoriasis vulgaris","volume":"33","author":"Doi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.2.770","article-title":"Transforming growth factor beta 1 null mutation in mice causes excessive inflammatory response and early death","volume":"90","author":"Kulkarni","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/359693a0","article-title":"Targeted disruption of the mouse transforming growth factor-\u03b21 gene results in multifocal inflammatory disease","volume":"359","author":"Shull","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.03.005","article-title":"Autocrine Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b21 Promotes In Vivo Th17 Cell Differentiation","volume":"34","author":"Gutcher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01682","article-title":"The IL-17 Family of Cytokines in Psoriasis: IL-17A and Beyond","volume":"9","author":"Brembilla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01894","article-title":"Bimekizumab, a Novel Humanized IgG1 Antibody That Neutralizes Both IL-17A and IL-17F","volume":"11","author":"Adams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1315231","article-title":"Brodalumab, an Anti-IL17RA Monoclonal Antibody, in Psoriatic Arthritis","volume":"370","author":"Mease","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2850","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2075","article-title":"Interleukin-17A-Induced Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Are Superior Modulators of Immunological Function","volume":"33","author":"Sivanathan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaan5907","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aan5907","article-title":"Human umbilical cord perivascular cells improve human pancreatic islet transplant function by increasing vascularization","volume":"12","author":"Forbes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.06.022","article-title":"The Cytokine IL-17A Limits Th17 Pathogenicity via a Negative Feedback Loop Driven by Autocrine Induction of IL-24","volume":"53","author":"Chong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2015.11.001","article-title":"Treatment of Psoriasis with Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"129","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.3727\/096368916X691998","article-title":"Autologous Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for the Treatment of Psoriasis Vulgaris and Psoriatic Arthritis: A Case Report","volume":"25","author":"Santiago","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1155\/MI.2005.273","article-title":"Serum Levels of TNF-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b3, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-17, and IL-18 in Patients With Active Psoriasis and Correlation With Disease Severity","volume":"2005","author":"Arican","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12477880","article-title":"Increased IL-6 Production by Monocytes and Keratinocytes in Patients with Psoriasis","volume":"97","author":"Neuner","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-1811(96)00562-2","article-title":"Role of increased production of monocytes TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6 in psoriasis: Relation to focal infection, disease activity and responses to treatments","volume":"14","author":"Mizutani","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020026","article-title":"Induction of NFATc2 Expression by Interleukin 6 Promotes T Helper Type 2 Differentiation","volume":"196","author":"Diehl","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pyle, C.J., Uwadiae, F.I., Swieboda, D.P., and Harker, J.A. (2017). Early IL-6 signalling promotes IL-27 dependent maturation of regulatory T cells in the lungs and resolution of viral immunopathology. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006640"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3334","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17097-5","article-title":"The induction and function of the anti-inflammatory fate of TH17 cells","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013583","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.013583","article-title":"Activated Mesenchymal Stem Cells Induce Recovery Following Stroke Via Regulation of Inflammation and Oligodendrogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Tobin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Hear. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01638","article-title":"The Impact of Oxidative Stress on Adipose Tissue Energy Balance","volume":"10","author":"Masschelin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rochette, L., Mazini, L., Malka, G., Zeller, M., Cottin, Y., and Vergely, C. (2020). The Crosstalk of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells (ADSC), Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Protective and Adaptive Responses. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239262"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00461","article-title":"Targeting TGF-\u03b2 Mediated SMAD Signaling for the Prevention of Fibrosis","volume":"8","author":"Walton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/12\/10132\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:55:00Z","timestamp":1760126100000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/12\/10132"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms241210132"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241210132","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]]}}}