{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:45:18Z","timestamp":1790801118741,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82073853"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82073853"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82141204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82141204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-I2M-JB-010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-I2M-JB-010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021-I2M-1-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-I2M-1-005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences","award":["82073853"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82073853"]}]},{"name":"CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences","award":["82141204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82141204"]}]},{"name":"CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences","award":["2022-I2M-JB-010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-I2M-JB-010"]}]},{"name":"CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences","award":["2021-I2M-1-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-I2M-1-005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a disease which affects the cardiopulmonary system; it is defined as a mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) &gt; 20 mmHg as measured by right heart catheterization at rest, and is caused by complex and diverse mechanisms. In response to stimuli such as hypoxia and ischemia, the expression and synthesis of endothelin (ET) increase, leading to the activation of various signaling pathways downstream of it and producing effects such as the induction of abnormal vascular proliferation during the development of the disease. This paper reviews the regulation of endothelin receptors and their pathways in normal physiological processes and disease processes, and describes the mechanistic roles of ET receptor antagonists that are currently approved and used in clinical studies. Current clinical researches on ET are focused on the development of multi-target combinations and novel delivery methods to improve efficacy and patient compliance while reducing side effects. In this review, future research directions and trends of ET targets are described, including monotherapy and precision medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241210206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T01:31:31Z","timestamp":1686879091000},"page":"10206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Insights into Endothelin Receptors in Pulmonary Hypertension"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ruiqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyi","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6573-4609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ranran","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4942-6144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Difei","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoubao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanhua","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianhua","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200879","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00879-2022","article-title":"2022 ESC\/ERS Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"61","author":"Humbert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. 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