{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:02:11Z","timestamp":1791464531379,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81670512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81670512"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82000729"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82000729"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Saphenous vein bypass grafting is an effective technique used to treat peripheral arterial disease (PAD). However, restenosis is the major clinical challenge for the graft vessel among people with PAD postoperation. We hypothesize that there is a common culprit behind arterial occlusion and graft restenosis. To investigate this hypothesis, we found TGF-\u03b2, a gene specifically upregulated in PAD arteries, by bioinformatics analysis. TGF-\u03b2 has a wide range of biological activities and plays an important role in vascular remodeling. We discuss the molecular pathway of TGF-\u03b2 and elucidate its mechanism in vascular remodeling and intimal hyperplasia, including EMT, extracellular matrix deposition, and fibrosis, which are the important pathways contributing to stenosis. Additionally, we present a case report of a patient with graft restenosis linked to the TGF-\u03b2 pathway. Finally, we discuss the potential applications of targeting the TGF-\u03b2 pathway in the clinic to improve the long-term patency of vein grafts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241210381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T01:35:11Z","timestamp":1687311311000},"page":"10381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Role of TGF-\u03b2 Signaling in Saphenous Vein Graft Failure after Peripheral Arterial Disease Bypass Surgery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6981-2857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changhuai","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pin","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuecheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elham","family":"Esmaeili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiqing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"L\u00fc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanqi","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.5.584","article-title":"Peripheral Arterial Disease","volume":"295","author":"Stevens","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"010601","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.09.010601","article-title":"National and subnational estimation of the prevalence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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