{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T22:28:45Z","timestamp":1790288925205,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara","award":["6 EXP\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6 EXP\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mitochondrial dysfunction is an important mechanism contributing to the development and progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) levels in blood and urine were evaluated in relation to podocyte injury and proximal tubule (PT) dysfunction, as well as to a specific inflammatory response in normoalbuminuric DKD. A total of 150 type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients (52 normoalbuminuric, 48 microalbuminuric, and 50 macroalbuminuric ones, respectively) and 30 healthy controls were assessed concerning the urinary albumin\/creatinine ratio (UACR), biomarkers of podocyte damage (synaptopodin and podocalyxin), PT dysfunction (kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and N-acetyl-\u03b2-(D)-glucosaminidase (NAG)), and inflammation (serum and urinary interleukins (IL-17A, IL-18, and IL-10)). MtDNA-CN and nuclear DNA (nDNA) were quantified in peripheral blood and urine via qRT-PCR. MtDNA-CN was defined as the ratio of the number of mtDNA\/nDNA copies via analysis of the CYTB\/B2M and ND2\/B2M ratio. Multivariable regression analysis provided models in which serum mtDNA directly correlated with IL-10 and indirectly correlated with UACR, IL-17A, and KIM-1 (R2 = 0.626; p &lt; 0.0001). Urinary mtDNA directly correlated with UACR, podocalyxin, IL-18, and NAG, and negatively correlated with eGFR and IL-10 (R2 = 0.631; p &lt; 0.0001). Mitochondrial DNA changes in serum and urine display a specific signature in relation to inflammation both at the podocyte and tubular levels in normoalbuminuric type 2 DM patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24129803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T13:42:06Z","timestamp":1686058926000},"page":"9803","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Mitochondrial DNA Changes in Blood and Urine Display a Specific Signature in Relation to Inflammation in Normoalbuminuric Diabetic Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3138-3051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ligia","family":"Petrica","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Nephrology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre for Cognitive Research in Neuropsychiatric Pathology (Neuropsy-Cog), Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1824-2628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Vlad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florica","family":"Gadalean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Nephrology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danina Mirela","family":"Muntean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Functional Sciences III, Division of Pathophysiology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daliborca","family":"Vlad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology IV, Division of Pharmacology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Dumitrascu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology IV, Division of Pharmacology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flaviu","family":"Bob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Nephrology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oana","family":"Milas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Nephrology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4834-4470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anca","family":"Suteanu-Simulescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Nephrology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Glavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Nephrology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dragos Catalin","family":"Jianu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre for Cognitive Research in Neuropsychiatric Pathology (Neuropsy-Cog), Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences VIII, Division of Neurology I, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9215-5154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sorin","family":"Ursoniu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre for Cognitive Research in Neuropsychiatric Pathology (Neuropsy-Cog), Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Functional Sciences III, Division of Public Health and Health and History of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lavinia","family":"Balint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Nephrology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Mogos-Stefan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Nephrology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Ienciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Nephrology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Octavian Marius","family":"Cretu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery I, Division of Surgical Semiology I, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Emergency Clinical Municipal Hospital Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9387-1141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxana","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Microscopic Morphology II, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology II, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2, Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.11491116","article-title":"Diabetic kidney disease: Challenges, progress and possibilities","volume":"12","author":"Alicic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1009","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00809.2010","article-title":"The proximal tubule in the pathophysiology of diabetic kidney","volume":"300","author":"Vallon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-0796","article-title":"Proximal tubulopathy: Prime mover and key therapeutic target in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"66","author":"Gilbert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0837-x","article-title":"Patient and disease characteristics of type-2 diabetes patients with or without chronic kidney disease: An analysis of the German DPV and DIVE databases","volume":"18","author":"Bramlage","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4251-1","article-title":"Evidence for two distinct phenotypes of chronic kidney disease in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"60","author":"Penno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1954","article-title":"Increasing Mortality in Adults with Diabetes and Low Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in the Absence of Albuminuria","volume":"41","author":"Kramer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3102962","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3102962","article-title":"Novel Tubular Biomarkers Predict Renal Progression in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"2016","author":"Satirapoj","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diabetes. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751529","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.751529","article-title":"Lipotoxic Proximal Tubular Injury: A Primary Event in Diabetic Kidney Disease","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c155","DOI":"10.1159\/000320038","article-title":"Proximal tubule dysfunction is dissociated from endothelial dysfunction in normoalbuminuric patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study","volume":"118","author":"Petrica","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephron. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2011.09.031","article-title":"Changes of the tubular markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus with glomerular hyperfiltration","volume":"95","author":"Fu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes. Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2021.01.012","article-title":"Evaluation of Urinary Biomarkers of Proximal Tubular Injury, Inflammation, and Fibrosis in Patients with Albuminuric and Nonalbuminuric Diabetic Kidney Disease","volume":"6","author":"Phanish","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2011.51","article-title":"Inflammatory molecules and pathways in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy","volume":"7","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm-2019-0124","article-title":"Interleukins and miRNAs intervene in the early stages of diabetic kidney disease in Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients","volume":"13","author":"Petrica","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomark. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2019.107479","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory cytokines are associated with podocyte damage and proximal tubular dysfunction in the early stage of diabetic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients","volume":"34","author":"Milas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klimontov, V.V., Korbut, A.I., Orlov, N.B., Dashkin, M.V., and Konenkov, V.I. (2020). Multiplex Bead Array Assay of a Panel of Circulating Cytokines and Growth Factors in Patients with Albuminuric and Non-Albuminuric Diabetic Kidney Disease. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9093006"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5674","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27427","article-title":"Interleukin-18 and diabetic nephropathy: A review","volume":"234","author":"Yaribeygi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm-2018-0359","article-title":"IL-18, VCAM-1 and P-selectin as early biomarkers in normoalbuminuric Type 2 diabetes patients","volume":"13","author":"Nawaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomark. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2016.06.028","article-title":"Urinary inflammatory cytokines as indicators of kidney damage in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"460","author":"Sangoi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2018.9","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"14","author":"Forbes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2019.07.005","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"496","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-016-0748-0","article-title":"The role of mitochondria in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"16","author":"Hallan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Diab. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2015.04.002","article-title":"Altered mitochondrial function, mitochondrial DNA and reduced metabolic flexibility in patients with diabetic nephropathy","volume":"2","author":"Czajka","year":"2015","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2017.107","article-title":"Mitochondrial energetics in the kidney","volume":"13","author":"Bhargava","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20150838","article-title":"Mapping time-course mitochondrial adaptations in the kidney in experimental diabetes","volume":"130","author":"Coughlan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F420","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00415.2004","article-title":"Glycation of mitochondrial proteins from diabetic rat kidney is associated with excess superoxide formation","volume":"289","author":"Rosca","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.21","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA in innate immune responses and inflammatory pathology","volume":"17","author":"West","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08780","article-title":"Circulating mitochondrial DAMPs cause inflammatory responses to injury","volume":"464","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2015.240","article-title":"Urinary mitochondrial DNA is a biomarker of mitochondrial disruption and renal dysfunction in acute kidney injury","volume":"88","author":"Whitaker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000830","article-title":"Urinary mitochondrial DNA levels identify acute kidney injury in surgical critical illness patients","volume":"48","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2018.05.036","article-title":"Urinary mitochondrial DNA level in non-diabetic chronic kidney diseases","volume":"484","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, P.Z., Kwan, B.C., Chow, K.M., Cheng, P.M., Luk, C.C., Lai, K., Li, P.K., and Szeto, C.C. (2018). Urinary mitochondrial DNA level as a biomarker of tissue injury in non-diabetic chronic kidney diseases. BMC Nephrol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-018-1178-9"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.33594\/000000011","article-title":"The mitochondria-targeted metabolic tubular injury in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"52","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfx339","article-title":"Urinary mitochondrial DNA level is an indicator of intra-renal mitochondrial depletion and renal scarring in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"33","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.12.031","article-title":"Interleukin-17A blockade reduces albuminuria and kidney injury in an accelerated model of diabetic nephropathy","volume":"95","author":"Lavoz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38811-4","article-title":"Interleukin 17A promotes diabetic kidney injury","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"256","article-title":"Serum Inflammatory and Immune Mediators Are Elevated in Early-Stage Diabetic Nephropathy","volume":"45","author":"Perlman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2008.11.018","article-title":"Upregulated IL-18 expression in type 2 diabetic subjects with nephropathy: TGF-beta1 enhanced IL-18 expression in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells","volume":"83","author":"Miyauchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1053\/meta.2003.50096","article-title":"Elevated levels of interleukin-18 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in serum of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Relationship with diabetic nephropathy","volume":"52","author":"Moriwaki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2890","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.12.2890","article-title":"Serum interleukin-18 levels are associated with nephropathy and atherosclerosis in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"28","author":"Nakamura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0586-8","article-title":"Predictive impact of elevated serum level of IL-18 for early renal dysfunction in type 2 diabetes: An observational follow-up study","volume":"50","author":"Araki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108917","article-title":"The role of IL-10 in kidney disease","volume":"108","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-018-0349-3","article-title":"An association between IL-10 promoter polymorphisms and diabetic nephropathy: A meta-analysis of case-control studies","volume":"17","author":"Naing","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1136\/jim-2021-002008","article-title":"Interleukin-10 attenuates renal injury after myocardial infarction in diabetes","volume":"70","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Investig. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2017.07.019","article-title":"Mitochondrial fusion, fission and mitochondrial toxicity","volume":"391","author":"Meyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2012.10.011","article-title":"Is mitochondrial DNA content a potential biomarker of mitochondrial dysfunction?","volume":"13","author":"Malik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-020-00328-7","article-title":"IL-10 Deficiency Aggravates Renal Inflammation, Fibrosis and Functional Failure in High-Fat Dieted Obese Mice","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-0695","article-title":"Glomerular endothelial mitochondrial dysfunction is essential and characteristic of diabetic kidney disease susceptibility","volume":"66","author":"Qi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2013). KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int., 3, 1\u2013150."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-018-1291-5","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA copy number in peripheral blood: A potential non-invasive biomarker for female subfertility","volume":"35","author":"Busnelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/12\/9803\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:49:04Z","timestamp":1760125744000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/12\/9803"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24129803"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24129803","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]}}}