{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T01:41:36Z","timestamp":1792287696050,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":243,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"intramural research program (IRP) of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health, USA"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thyroid function affects multiple sites of the female hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis. Disruption of thyroid function has been linked to reproductive dysfunction in women and is associated with menstrual irregularity, infertility, poor pregnancy outcomes, and gynecological conditions such as premature ovarian insufficiency and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Thus, the complex molecular interplay between hormones involved in thyroid and reproductive functions is further compounded by the association of certain common autoimmune states with disorders of the thyroid and the HPG axes. Furthermore, in prepartum and intrapartum states, even relatively minor disruptions have been shown to adversely impact maternal and fetal outcomes, with some differences of opinion in the management of these conditions. In this review, we provide readers with a foundational understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of thyroid hormone interactions with the female HPG axis. We also share clinical insights into the management of thyroid dysfunction in reproductive-aged women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24129815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]],"date-time":"2023-06-07T02:28:45Z","timestamp":1686104925000},"page":"9815","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":149,"title":["The Thyroid Hormone Axis and Female Reproduction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ethan D. L.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Physiology and Pathophysiology Group, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barnabas","family":"Obeng-Gyasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet E.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Physiology and Pathophysiology Group, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9287-6664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Skand","family":"Shekhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Physiology and Pathophysiology Group, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Striki\u0107 \u0110ula, I., Plei\u0107, N., Babi\u0107 Leko, M., Gunja\u010da, I., Torlak, V., Brdar, D., Punda, A., Pola\u0161ek, O., Hayward, C., and Zemunik, T. 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