{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:18:19Z","timestamp":1791919099765,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AG061824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG061824"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Missouri","award":["AG061824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG061824"]}]},{"name":"The Leda J. Sears Foundation","award":["AG061824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG061824"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a chronic condition characterized by intermittent hypoxia (IH) and sleep fragmentation (SF). In murine models, chronic SF can impair endothelial function and induce cognitive declines. These deficits are likely mediated, at least in part, by alterations in Blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Male C57Bl\/6J mice were randomly assigned to SF or sleep control (SC) conditions for 4 or 9 weeks and in a subset 2 or 6 weeks of normal sleep recovery. The presence of inflammation and microglia activation were evaluated. Explicit memory function was assessed with the novel object recognition (NOR) test, while BBB permeability was determined by systemic dextran-4kDA-FITC injection and Claudin 5 expression. SF exposures resulted in decreased NOR performance and in increased inflammatory markers and microglial activation, as well as enhanced BBB permeability. Explicit memory and BBB permeability were significantly associated. BBB permeability remained elevated after 2 weeks of sleep recovery (p &lt; 0.01) and returned to baseline values only after 6 weeks. Chronic SF exposures mimicking the fragmentation of sleep that characterizes patients with OSA elicits evidence of inflammation in brain regions and explicit memory impairments in mice. Similarly, SF is also associated with increased BBB permeability, the magnitude of which is closely associated with cognitive functional losses. Despite the normalization of sleep patterns, BBB functional recovery is a protracted process that merits further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24129880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T03:29:48Z","timestamp":1686194988000},"page":"9880","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Cognitive Impairments, Neuroinflammation and Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Permeability in Mice Exposed to Chronic Sleep Fragmentation during the Daylight Period"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Clementine","family":"Puech","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Health Research Institute, Department of Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 400 N Keene St., Suite 010, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7073-741X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Badran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Health Research Institute, Department of Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 400 N Keene St., Suite 010, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra R.","family":"Runion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Undergraduate Student Research Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max B.","family":"Barrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Health Research Institute, Department of Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 400 N Keene St., Suite 010, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kylie","family":"Cataldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Health Research Institute, Department of Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 400 N Keene St., Suite 010, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8195-6036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Gozal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Health Research Institute, Department of Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 400 N Keene St., Suite 010, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-020-0549-z","article-title":"Obesity, Sleep Apnea, and Cancer","volume":"44","author":"Almendros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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