{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T13:44:56Z","timestamp":1765547096647,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Veterinary Sciences Brno","award":["2022ITA22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ITA22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bats may carry various viruses and bacteria which can be harmful to humans, but little is known about their role as a parasitic source with zoonotic potential. The aim of this study was to test wild bats for the presence of selected parasites: Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and microsporidia Encephalitozoon spp. In total, brain and small intestine tissues of 100 bats (52 Myotis myotis, 43 Nyctalus noctula and 5 Vespertilio murinus) were used for the DNA isolation and PCR detection of the abovementioned agents. Toxoplasma gondii DNA was detected by real-time PCR in 1% of bats (in one male of M. myotis), while all bats were negative for N. caninum DNA. Encephalitozoon spp. DNA was detected by nested PCR in 25% of bats, including three species (twenty-two M. myotis, two N. noctula and one V. murinus). Positive samples were sequenced and showed homology with the genotypes Encephalitozoon cuniculi II and Encephalitozoon hellem 2C. This is the first study on wild vespertilionid bats from Central Europe and worldwide, with a relatively high positivity of Encephalitozoon spp. detected in bats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24129887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T03:29:48Z","timestamp":1686194988000},"page":"9887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Molecular Detection of Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Encephalitozoon spp. in Vespertilionid Bats from Central Europe"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9087-0880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"B\u00e1rtov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palack\u00e9ho t\u0159. 1946\/1, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji\u0159ina","family":"Markov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palack\u00e9ho t\u0159. 1946\/1, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Sedl\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palack\u00e9ho t\u0159. 1946\/1, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hana","family":"Ban\u010fouchov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palack\u00e9ho t\u0159. 1946\/1, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karol","family":"Ra\u010dka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epizootology, Parasitology and Protection of One Health, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Ko\u0161ice, Komensk\u00e9ho 73, 04181 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0707-7","article-title":"Parasite diversity of European Myotis species with special emphasis on Myotis myotis (Microchiroptera, Vespertilionidae) from a typical nursery roost","volume":"8","author":"Frank","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hutson, A.M., Mickleburgh, S.P., and Racey, P.A. (2001). Microchiropteran Bats: Global Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, IUCN.","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.CH.2001.SSC-AP.1.en"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2012.01533.x","article-title":"Bat rabies, public health and European Bat conservation","volume":"60","author":"Racey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voigt, C.C., and Kingston, T. (2016). Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25220-9"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fagre, A.C., Rebekah, C., and Kading, R.C. (2019). Can bats serve as reservoirs for Arboviruses?. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11030215"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bau021","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/bau021","article-title":"DBatVir: The database of bat-associated viruses","volume":"2014","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Database"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2020069","article-title":"Host conservation through their parasites: Molecular surveillance of vector-borne microorganisms in bats using ectoparasitic bat flies","volume":"27","author":"Markotter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.4098\/j.at.0001-7051.073.2009","article-title":"Phenotypic plasticity in the greater mouse-eared bat in extremely different roost conditions","volume":"55","author":"Uhrin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Theriol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-012-9566-5","article-title":"Synopsis of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of Romania with update on host associations and geographical distribution","volume":"58","author":"Mihalca","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"794","article-title":"Bats, bat flies, and fungi: A case of hyperparasitism","volume":"34","author":"Haelewater","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.11.015","article-title":"First isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)","volume":"193","author":"Cabral","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3526","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00410-13","article-title":"Prevalence and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in bats in Myanmar","volume":"79","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2014.02.007","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: Prevalence in species and genotypes of British bats (Pipistrellus pipistrellus and P. pygmaeus)","volume":"139","author":"Dodd","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exper. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.7589\/2016-03-065","article-title":"Toxoplasmatinae parasites in bats from Bahia state, Brazil","volume":"53","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2018.03.002","article-title":"Detection of Neospora caninum DNA by polymerase chain reaction in bats from Southern China","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"209","article-title":"Diet composition of Myotis myotis (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) in western Poland: Results of fecal analyses","volume":"36","author":"Graclik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Turk. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2021.01.003","article-title":"Occurrence and diversity of Sarcocystidae protozoa in muscle and brain tissues of bats from Sao Paulo state, Brazil","volume":"14","author":"Cabral","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2021.09.006","article-title":"Recent epidemiologic, clinical, subclinical and genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii infections in bats","volume":"140","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01332.x","article-title":"Real-time PCR targeting a 529-bp repeat element for diagnosis of toxoplasmosis","volume":"12","author":"Edvinsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-84782009005000085","article-title":"Occurrence of Giardia, Cryptosporidium and microsporidia in wild animals from a deforestation area in the state of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"39","author":"Lallo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc Rural."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1033","article-title":"Molecular detection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi from bats in South Korea","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"76","article-title":"More than a rabbit\u2018s tale\u2014Encephalitozoon spp. in wild mammals and birds","volume":"5","author":"Hinney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol: Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2006.01.004","article-title":"Disseminated microsporidiosis due to Encephalitozoon hellem in an Egyptian Fruit Bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus)","volume":"134","author":"Garner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"561","article-title":"Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection among immunocompromised and immunocompetent humans in Egypt","volume":"10","author":"Mady","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002466","article-title":"Dual molecular diagnosis of microsporidia (Encephalitozoon hellem) keratoconjunctivitis in an immunocompetent adult","volume":"40","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0394-z","article-title":"Bat-borne virus diversity, spillover and emergence","volume":"18","author":"Letko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latinne, A., Nga, N.T.T., Long, N.V., Ngoc, P.T.B., Thuy, H.B., PREDICT Consortium, Long, N.V., Long, P.T., Phuong, N.T., and Quang, L.T.V. (2023). One Health surveillance Highlights circulation of viruses with zoonotic potential in bats, pigs, and humans in Viet Nam. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030790"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.4314\/evj.v26i2.9","article-title":"A One Health approach to investigate bats as a potential source of zoonotic mycoses in selected areas of Mpumalanga province, the Republic of South Africa","volume":"22","author":"Mengistu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ethiop. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Austen, J.M., and Barbosa, A.D. (2021). Diversity and epidemiology of bat Trypanosomes: A One Health perspective. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10091148"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voigt, C., and Kingston, T. (2015). Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25220-9"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"29941","article-title":"Bats consumption in Thailand","volume":"6","author":"Suwannarong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Ecol. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-020-01468-x","article-title":"Hunting bats for human consumption in Bangladesh","volume":"17","author":"Nahar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00017-06","article-title":"Bats: Important reservoir hosts of emerging viruses","volume":"19","author":"Calisher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2018.12.007","article-title":"Viruses in bats and potential spillover to animals and humans","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf6097","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spillover events","volume":"371","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67886","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-17126-w","article-title":"Is COVID-19 asscociated with latent toxoplasmosis?","volume":"28","author":"Ghaffari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-021-09997-0","article-title":"The symptoms and clinical manifestations observed in COVID-19 patients\/long COVID-19 symptoms that parallel Toxoplasma gondii infections","volume":"16","author":"Roe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(99)00170-8","article-title":"Identification of a 200- to 300-fold repetitive 529 bp DNA fragment in Toxoplasma gondii, and its use for diagnostic and quantitative PCR","volume":"30","author":"Homan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4641","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01152-10","article-title":"Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii isolates with 15 microsatellite markers in a single multiplex PCR assay","volume":"48","author":"Ajzenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2850","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.11.2850-2852.1996","article-title":"Diagnosis of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii infection by PCR and DNA hybridisation immunoassy","volume":"34","author":"Muller","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"373","article-title":"Direct amplification and species determination of microsporidian DNA from stool specimens","volume":"3","author":"Lieb","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Statsoft, Inc (2013). Electronic Statistics Textbook, StatSoft."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/12\/9887\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:50:35Z","timestamp":1760125835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/12\/9887"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24129887"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24129887","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]}}}