{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T16:00:17Z","timestamp":1792425617772,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acromegaly is a rare disease with several systemic complications that may lead to increased overall morbidity and mortality. Despite several available treatments, ranging from transsphenoidal resection of GH-producing adenomas to different medical therapies, complete hormonal control is not achieved in some cases. Some decades ago, estrogens were first used to treat acromegaly, resulting in a significant decrease in IGF1 levels. However, due to the consequent side effects of the high dose utilized, this treatment was later abandoned. The evidence that estrogens are able to blunt GH activity also derives from the evidence that women with GH deficiency taking oral estro-progestins pills need higher doses of GH replacement therapy. In recent years, the role of estrogens and Selective Estrogens Receptor Modulators (SERMs) in acromegaly treatment has been re-evaluated, especially considering poor control of the disease under first- and second-line medical treatment. In this review, we analyze the state of the art concerning the impact of estrogen and SERMs on the GH\/IGF1 axis, focusing on molecular pathways and the possible implications for acromegaly treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24129920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T02:59:57Z","timestamp":1686279597000},"page":"9920","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Role of Estrogen and Estrogen Receptor in GH-Secreting Adenomas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3628-0492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Voltan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, Padova University Hospital, Via Ospedale Civile 105, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierluigi","family":"Mazzeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, Padova University Hospital, Via Ospedale Civile 105, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1942-7202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Regazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Scaroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, Padova University Hospital, Via Ospedale Civile 105, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1456-8716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Ceccato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, Padova University Hospital, Via Ospedale Civile 105, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-015-0655-4","article-title":"The incidence and prevalence of acromegaly, a nationwide study from 1955 through 2013","volume":"18","author":"Hoskuldsdottir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-016-0754-x","article-title":"Epidemiology of acromegaly: Review of population studies","volume":"20","author":"Lavrentaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0189","article-title":"The epidemiology of pituitary adenomas in Iceland, 1955\u20132012: A nationwide population-based study","volume":"173","author":"Agustsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. 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