{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:44:05Z","timestamp":1792802645095,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Neurological Disorder Research Program of the National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020M3E5D9080660"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M3E5D9080660"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Mol. Sci.","IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Trolox is a potent antioxidant and a water-soluble analog of vitamin E. It has been used in scientific studies to examine oxidative stress and its impact on biological systems. Trolox has been shown to have a neuroprotective effect against ischemia and IL-1\u03b2-mediated neurodegeneration. In this study, we investigated the potential protective mechanisms of Trolox against a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease mouse model. Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, and ROS\/LPO assays were performed to investigate the role of trolox against neuroinflammation, the oxidative stress mediated by MPTP in the Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) mouse model (wild-type mice (C57BL\/6N), eight weeks old, average body weight 25\u201330 g). Our study showed that MPTP increased the expression of \u03b1-synuclein, decreased tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporter (DAT) levels in the striatum and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), and impaired motor function. However, Trolox treatment significantly reversed these PD-like pathologies. Furthermore, Trolox treatment reduced oxidative stress by increasing the expression of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Lastly, Trolox treatment inhibited the activated astrocytes (GFAP) and microglia (Iba-1), also reducing phosphorylated nuclear factor-\u03baB, (p-NF-\u03baB) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) in the PD mouse brain. Overall, our study demonstrated that Trolox may exert neuroprotection on dopaminergic neurons against MPTP-induced oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, motor dysfunction, and neurodegeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24129942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T09:54:32Z","timestamp":1686304472000},"page":"9942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["RETRACTED: Vitamin E Analog Trolox Attenuates MPTP-Induced Parkinson\u2019s Disease in Mice, Mitigating Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, and Motor Impairment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Abubakar","family":"Atiq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6248-167X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amjad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inayat","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7411-9483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riaz","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Tahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jawad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9150-0155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyonghwan","family":"Choe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Science and Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR), College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Alz-Dementia Korea Co., Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1725133","article-title":"Evidence for Early and Regular Physical Therapy and Exercise in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"41","author":"Ellis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. 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