{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T03:23:59Z","timestamp":1771903439023,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,10]],"date-time":"2023-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s NextGenerationEU economic recovery package via the National Recovery and Resilience Plan of the Republic of Bulgaria","award":["BG-RRP-2.004-0004-C01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG-RRP-2.004-0004-C01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Echinops ritro L. (Asteraceae) is traditionally used in the treatment of bacterial\/fungal infections and respiratory and heart ailments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of extracts from E. ritro leaves (ERLE) and flowering heads (ERFE) as antioxidant and hepatoprotective agents on diclofenac-induced lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress under in vitro and in vivo conditions. In isolated rat microsomes and hepatocytes, the extracts significantly alleviated oxidative stress by increasing cell viability and GSH levels and reducing LDH efflux and MDA production. During in vivo experiments, the administration of the ERFE alone or in combination with diclofenac resulted in a significant increase in cellular antioxidant protection and a decrease in lipid peroxidation witnessed by key markers and enzymes. A beneficial influence on the activity of the drug-metabolizing enzymes ethylmorphine-N-demetylase and aniline hydroxylase in liver tissue was found. In the acute toxicity test evaluation, the ERFE showed no toxicity. In the ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography\u2013high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis, 95 secondary metabolites were reported for the first time, including acylquinic acids, flavonoids, and coumarins. Protocatechuic acid O-hexoside, quinic, chlorogenic and 3, 5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, apigenin; apigenin 7-O-glucoside, hyperoside, jaceosidene, and cirsiliol dominated the profiles. The results suggest that both extracts should be designed for functional applications with antioxidant and hepatoprotective capacity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24129999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T03:02:27Z","timestamp":1686538947000},"page":"9999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Potential of Echinops ritro L. Extracts on Induced Oxidative Stress In Vitro\/In Vivo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1952-9903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrina","family":"Zheleva-Dimitrova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4860-9053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rumyana","family":"Simeonova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy, and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Kondeva-Burdina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy, and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yonko","family":"Savov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Emergency Medicine \u201cN. I Pirogov\u201d, Bul. Totleben 21, 1606 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9938-6542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vessela","family":"Balabanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6548-7823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gokhan","family":"Zengin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Campus, Konya 42130, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Petrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy, and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1254-2419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reneta","family":"Gevrenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3390\/livers2040023","article-title":"Role of Oxidative Stress in Liver Disorders","volume":"2","author":"Goicoechea","year":"2022","journal-title":"Livers"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cotox.2017.10.011","article-title":"Oxidative stress and acute hepatic injury","volume":"7","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. 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