{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:04:19Z","timestamp":1792789459913,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basic Science and Platform Technology Program for Innovative Biological medicine","award":["JP18am0301006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP18am0301006"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science and Platform Technology Program for Innovative Biological medicine","award":["JP23am0401002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23am0401002"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Platform Program for Advanced Biological medicine","award":["JP18am0301006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP18am0301006"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Platform Program for Advanced Biological medicine","award":["JP23am0401002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23am0401002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The properties of the variable domain of heavy-chain (VHH) antibodies are particularly relevant in cancer therapy. To isolate tumor cell-specific VHH antibodies, VHH phage libraries were constructed from multiple tumor cells. After enriching the libraries against particular tumor cell lines, a next-generation sequencer was used to screen the pooled phages of each library for potential antibody candidates. Based on high amplification folds, 50 sequences from each library were used to construct phylogenetic trees. Several clusters with identical CDR3 were observed. Groups X, Y, and Z were assigned as common sequences among the different trees. These identical groups over the trees were considered to be cross-reactive antibodies. To obtain monoclonal antibodies, we assembled 200 sequences (top 50 sequences from each library) and rebuilt a combined molecular phylogenetic tree. Groups were categorized as A\u2013G. For each group, we constructed a phagemid and determined its binding specificity with tumor cells. The phage-binding results were consistent with the phylogenetic tree-generated groups, which indicated particular tumor-specific clusters; identical groups showed cross-reactivity. The strategy used in the current study is effective for screening and isolating monoclonal antibodies. Specific antibodies can be identified, even when the target markers of cancer cells are unknown.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241310804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T00:41:45Z","timestamp":1687999305000},"page":"10804","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Novel Strategy for Screening Tumor-Specific Variable Domain of Heavy-Chain Antibodies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Abdur","family":"Rafique","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3892-7456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genki","family":"Hichiwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Feisal","family":"Jatnika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5239-5070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuji","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33588","article-title":"Cancer statistics for the year 2020: An overview","volume":"149","author":"Ferlay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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